Author: Reddy Shyam Shankar

I am a professional Price Action retail trader and Speculator with expertise in Risk Management, Trade Management, and Hedging.

Categories
Forex Course

184. Why Is It Important To Be Careful While Trading the News?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Now that you know about scheduled news releases in the forex market, you must be excited. You probably think that you have the most foolproof way of trading in the forex market. You might have even gone to the extent of planning your trades to coincide with the high-impact indicators; because they significantly affect price action, you can collect a lot of pips.

Well, if you have thought and planned all that, forget it! To successfully trade the news in the forex market, you have to be deliberately methodical and calculative. If not, you may end up wiping out your trading account.

We’re not saying that you shouldn’t trade the news. Quite the opposite, you should, but only, and only when you understand the implications of the news release. Let’s, for example, take the release of a high-impact economic indicator.

Usually, when high-impact economic indicators are released, they are followed by extreme market volatility. The US unemployment rate is a high-impact indicator. Its latest release on October 2, 2020, at 8.30 AM EST came in positive at 7.9% lower than the expected 8.2%.

In this case, you’d expect the USD to be stronger than the EUR. But immediately after the news was released, there was some volatility that made the pair gain 11 pips before adopting a bearish trend.

Eleven pips may not sound like a lot. But if you have a small trading account and using high leverage, the chances are that 11 pips in the wrong direction can wipe you out.

Watch out for geopolitics

When trading the news as scheduled in the economic calendar, it pays to monitor geopolitical developments that are not scheduled, especially in the current climate of trade wars. Declarations by influential political figures may influence trends in the forex market. In such cases, if the news release of economic indicators coincides with such events, their impact may be watered down or exacerbated.

Another reason why trading the news may not go as planned is because the outcome of a news release could already be priced into the market. Forex traders are skillful at anticipating – especially when it comes to interest rate releases. If they anticipate that central banks are going to cut interest rates, they will adjust their trades weeks or months in advance. In this case, when the actual rates are released, their impact will not be as pronounced.

Bottom Line

We’re not saying you shouldn’t trade the news. Just take your time and familiarize yourself with the different types of economic indicators. Do thorough backtesting and have a trading plan on how you will incorporate news releases into your trading.

[wp_quiz id=”94056″]
Categories
Forex Basic Strategies

Successfully Scalp Forex Pairs with these Two Tools

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Scalping is a short term trading style, and it is quite popular among professional Forex traders. This type of trading is more concise than day trading, which involves traders placing buy/sell orders throughout the trading day. But Scalping is different. Scalpers believe that making money from the small price action moves is easier than waiting for the considerable moves.

For scalping, our focus should be mostly on technical analysis rather than fundamentals.  By using technical analysis, traders use historical price information to predict the future price movement. To be successful in scalping, traders must have live feeds, direct access to the broker, and have the stamina & patience to sit in front of the computer and place as many trades as possible in smaller time frames to make money.

Scalping typically requires smaller timeframes such as a 5-minute, 15-minute, or even 1-minute charts. Some traders also use the tick chart or 30-seconds chart to scalp the Forex market. However, it requires an advanced skill set to be successful at this because the lower the timeframe is, the faster it moves. In this article, Let’s learn how to scalp the 1-minute Forex charts using Pin bars and Trend lines.

Pin Bars

Pin Bar is a candlestick pattern that consists of only one candle, which represents a sharp reversal. There are two types of Pin Bar.

  1. The Bullish Pin Bar’s closing price is higher than the candle’s opening price, and the candle’s wick must be two to three times longer than the real body.
  2. The Bearish Pin Bar’s closing price is lower than the candle’s opening price, and the tail of the candle must be two to three times longer than the real body.

Trend Lines

Trend lines act as an essential tool for analysts while performing technical analysis. These lines are a visual representation of support and resistance levels in any trading timeframe. Traders apply these trend lines on the price charts to get a clear picture of the ongoing trend to make an accurate trading decision. Also, the trend lines on the highs and lows of the price chart create a channel.

Trading Strategy – Pin Bars + Trendlines

The one-minute trading timeframe volatiles a lot, and this small timeframe never moves in a single trend. We will always see the transitions from buy trend to sell and sell trend to buy in less than a couple of minutes. This is the essence of trading the lower timeframes. Therefore, before trading the one-minute timeframe, it is advisable to let go of all of your rigid trading beliefs.

Most of the scalpers fall into their ego and deny to close their losing positions. If you fall into this trap, then scalping is not for you. You must have a strong mindset and follow the rules like world-class traders to scalp the Forex market successfully.

Buy Examples

As you can see in the below image of the GBP/CHF Forex pair, the price was in an uptrend. Whenever the price approached the trend line, buyers immediately came back and printed a Pin bar candle, which is an indication to go long.

In this example, the market gives us three buying opportunities, and all the three trades performed well. When you take an entry at the pin bar formation, and the very next candle goes against you and closes below the pin bar, it is an indication for you to close your positions and wait for the next signal. On a one-minute time frame, always go for 2-3 pip stop loss and 6-7 pip targets only.

Below is another buying example in the GBP/AUD Forex pair. Here, the market gave us only one trading opportunity. As the price chart implies, the buyers were in complete control, and the price action is moving calmly. This means that there is a very less chance of spikes or fake outs. It is always advisable to find the less volatile currencies and try not to scalp the opening hours of the market.

Sell Examples

In the below USD/CHF 1-minute Forex chart, the overall trend was down. We can see the price printing the pin bars twice in a downtrend, which indicates us to go short. There are various ways to close your positions. We can choose any significant support/resistance area to book profit or close our positions when the price action starts to lose its momentum.

Some scalpers prefer to ride longer moves based on the market circumstances, while some like to close their positions after making 5 to 6 pips. So exiting completely depends on your trading style.

Below is another selling example of this strategy in the USD/CHF Forex pair. When price approached the trend line in a downtrend, we can see the market printing Pin Bars. This shows that the price action is ready to print brand new lower lows. Activate your trade when the market gives both the signals. In healthy market conditions, expect brand new lower lows or higher highs, and please avoid trading choppy market conditions.

Conclusion

Scalping proved to be a great way to make profits in a very short time. Make sure to understand that it requires a lot of hard work, patience, and dedication to master trading the lower timeframes. The more the trades you get into, the more the amount of money you will make. Scalping can be very difficult in the beginning, but with some practice and a right strategy, you will get the hang of it.

It is hard to scalp the 1-minute chart by using price action alone. Most of the highly successful scalpers use some indicators and candlestick patterns to confirm the market trend. Using the pin bars and trend lines on the 1-minute chart will help you filter out the bad trading signals, and this will drastically enhance the odds of your trades. Cheers!

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

Does ‘Retail Sales Monitor’ (RSM) Economic Indicator Impacts The Forex Market?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The level of demand can be said to be the primary driving factor in any economy. In the long run, the fiscal and monetary policies that are implemented by governments and central banks can be traced back to the aggregate demand within the economy. The consumption by households accounts for over 65% of the national GDP. Since retail sales account for most of the consumption by households, monitoring retail sales data can provide a useful predictor of the GDP and inflation.

Understanding Retail Sales Monitor

The Retail Sales Monitor is a precise measure of the performance in the retail sector. The RSM is measured monthly in the UK by the British Retail Consortium (BRC), whose participating members represent about 70% of the UK’s retail industry.

Source: The UK Office for National Statistics

The BRC is comprised of over 170 major retailers and thousands of independent retailers. The BRC member businesses have sales of over £180 billion and with 1.5 million employees. Since the RSM measures the change in the actual value of same-store sales in BRC-member retail outlets in the UK, the data can be used as a confident measure of the UK’s retail sector health and the broader economy.

In the UK, the retail sector is the largest employer in the private sector, which means that tracking the retail sector changes gives an overview of the economy and business cycles and insights into the labor market.

Using Retail Sales Monitor in Analysis

The RSM data couldn’t be more relevant in the current climate of Coronavirus afflicted economy and post-Brexit operating environment. Here are some of the ways this data can and is used for analysis.

In any economy, growth is driven by demand. Household purchases account for over 65% of the GDP, which makes the RSM data a vital leading indicator of economic health. When the retail sales monitor shows an increase in households’ consumption, it means that more money is circulating in the economy.

Several factors can be attributed to increased demand by households. Firstly, increased employment levels in the economy or an increase in real wages mean that the economy’s overall disposable income also increases. As a result, households can now consume more quantities of goods and services. More so, the increased disposable income tends to lead to the flourishing of discretionary consumer industries and a general rise in the aggregate demand.

An increase in aggregate supply leads to the expansion of production activities hence overall economic growth. Secondly, increased demand can be a sign of easy access to affordable funding by the households. Generally, if households and businesses have easy access to cheaper financing sources, it forebodes an increase in economic activities, which leads to economic expansion.

As an economic indicator, the retail sales monitor can be used as an authoritative leading indicator of recessions and recoveries since its data covers over 70% of the retail sector. For example, when the economy is at its peak, it is characterized by RSM’s historical highs and lower unemployment levels. When the RSM begins to drop consistently, this can be taken as a sign that the economy is undergoing a recession. The period of recession is characterized by an increase in the rate of unemployment and lower disposable income, which makes households cut back on their consumption and prioritize essential goods and services.

Source: Retail Economics

Conversely, when the economy is at its lowest during recessions or depressions, it is characterized by historical lows RSM and a higher unemployment rate. In this scenario, when the RSM begins to rise steadily, it could be taken as a sign that the economy is undergoing recovery. This period will be marked by improving labor market conditions hence increased demand that drives the RSM higher.

Using the RSM as a leading indicator of recessions and recoveries can help governments and central banks implement fiscal and monetary policies. When the RSM drops and shows signs that the economy could be headed for a recession, expansionary fiscal and monetary policies could be implemented. These policies will help to stimulate the economy and avoid depression.

On the other hand, when the RSM is continually rising at a faster rate, contractionary monetary and fiscal policies could be implemented. These policies are meant to mop up excess liquidity of the money supply and increase borrowing costs, thus avoiding an unsustainable rate of inflation and an overheating economy.

Impact on Currency

There are two main ways in which the RSM data can impact a country’s currency. By showing the economic growth and as an indicator for potential monetary and fiscal policies.

When the RSM has been steadily increasing, forex traders can anticipate that contractionary policies will be implemented to avoid unsustainable economic growth. One of such policies involves interest rate hikes, which make the currency appreciate relative to others. Conversely, expansionary monetary and fiscal policies can be anticipated in the event of a persistent drop in the RSM. Such policies include cutting interest rates, which depreciates the local currency.

The currency can be expected to be relatively stronger when the RSM is increasing. In this case, economic conditions are improving, unemployment levels are dropping, and a general improvement in households’ welfare. On the other hand, a dropping RSM is negative for the currency because it is seen as an indicator of a contracting economy and worsening labor conditions.

Sources of Data

In the UK, the RSM data is collated by the British Retail Consortium and KPMG. The data is published monthly by the British Retail Consortium.

How Retail Sales Monitor Data Release Affects Forex Price Charts

The recent publication of the retail sales monitor data was on October 12, 2020, at 11.00 PM GMT and accessed at Forex Factory.

The screengrab below from Forex Factory; as can be seen, a low impact on the GBP is expected when the RSM data is published.

In September 2020, the BRC increased by 6.1%. This change was greater than the 4.7% change recorded in August 2020 and higher than the analysts’ expectation of a 3.5% change. Theoretically, this positive RSM is expected to have a positive impact on the GBP.

Let’s see how this release impacted the GBP/USD forex charts.

EUR/USD: Before the Retail Sales Monitor Release on October 12, 2020, 
Just Before 11.00 PM GMT

Before the publication of the RSM data, the GBP/USD pair was trading in a neutral pattern. As shown by the 5-minute chart above, the 20-period MA had flattened with candles forming just around it.

EUR/USD: After the Retail Sales Monitor Release on October 12, 2020, 
at 11.00 PM GMT

The pair formed a 5-minute ‘Inverted Hammer’ candle after the RSM data publication. However, the release of the data did not have any noticeable impact on the pair. The GBP/USD pair continued trading in the previously observed neutral trend with the 20-period MA still flattened.

Bottom Line

Most forex traders tend to pay attention to the retail sales data, which is usually scheduled for ten days after the RSM publication. The retail sales data are considered to cover the entire economy hence the low-impact nature of the retail sales monitor as an indicator in the forex market.

Categories
Forex Course

183. Introduction To Trading The ‘News’

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The forex market, or any other financial market, is always driven by sentiment. And by sentiment, we mean; investors will only pay what they believe an asset is worth. More so, their investment decisions are primarily ‘future-looking,’ meaning that the types of trades they make will reflect their expectations about the value of the asset they trade.

So, what drives the price of currency pairs in the forex market?

The simplest answer is the fundamentals of a country. Let’s revisit the forex basics here for a bit. The price of a currency pair is the exchange rate between two currencies. This price doesn’t just move up and down arbitrarily. It is determined by the economic value of either country – what is called fundamentals. You might be tempted to think that technical indicators drive price action in forex. Quite the opposite – almost all the time, the technical indicator follows the news.

So, when one country’s fundamentals improve or are believed to improve, the value of its currency will increase relative to other currencies. Similarly, when the country’s fundamentals deteriorate or are expected to worsen, the currency will depreciate.

Remember the laws of demand and supply. When the demand is high, prices tend to go up, and when demand falls, prices fall along with it. The same applies to the forex market. When fundamentals improve or are expected to improve, the currency is in high demand making its value increase. When fundamentals worsen or are expected to, traders dump the currency as its value drops.

So, how do forex traders know if the fundamentals of the country have improved or worsened? News! News, as always, is the carrier of everything.

Where to find News in the Forex Market?

In the forex market, news can be delivered in various ways. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of organizations and government agencies that publish various economic indicators. But don’t worry, you won’t have to go through thousands of webpages just to find relevant news regarding the currency pairs you are trading. Things are a bit neat in the forex market when it comes to news releases. The economic calendar simplifies things for you. Here, you will find virtually every scheduled publication of economic indicators from every country! This way, you get to know what’s happening and when it is happening.

Here’s a screengrab of an economic calendar.

Furthermore, these scheduled releases have been categorized depending on the magnitude of their impact. Of course, not all economic indicators impact a currency the same way. Some have negligible effects.

[wp_quiz id=”94071″]
Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

Analysing The Impact Of ‘Wholesale Trade Sales’ On The Forex Market

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

When it comes to households’ consumption, the retail sales data is usually considered the best leading indicator. Most people rarely have wholesale trade sales in mind. However, the importance of wholesale trade sales data should not be underestimated. Whenever retailers face an increase in demand by consumers, their next stop is to the wholesalers. Furthermore, when retailers anticipate increased demand, they stock up directly from wholesalers. Thus, wholesale trade sales data can be used as a leading indicator of retail sales and the overall demand in the economy.

Understanding  Wholesale Trade Sales

A wholesaler is a business whose core operations strictly involve selling to institutions, governments, or other businesses. A wholesaler rarely deals with the end consumer. Wholesalers usually conduct their businesses from warehouses and do not market their services to households. Their place in the supply chain is to provide retailers and vendors with goods.

As an economic indicator, the wholesale trade sales measures the monetary value of the inventories and sales made by registered wholesalers over a particular period.

How are the Wholesale Trade Sales Measured?

In the US, the Census Bureau conducts a sample survey to determine the national wholesale trade sales and publishes its findings in the ‘Monthly Wholesale Trade: Sales And Inventories’ report. This report contains end-of-month inventories, monthly sales, and inventories-to-sales ratios. These aspects of the reports are segmented by the type f business that the wholesale operates. Some of the wholesalers covered by the report include; jobbers or wholesale merchants, exporters and importers, and distributors of industrial goods. The report excludes agents who market products for mining firms, refineries, and manufacturers.

The samples contained in the monthly report are selected through the strata design, which is defined by the type of business sampled and the annual sales for the businesses. In this report, wholesalers of all sizes are included. It is updated quarterly to capture the changes in the sector.

Since the sampling method is used to create the final monthly report, the estimates on the inventories and sales are arrived at by the summation of the collected, weighted data. These estimates are then seasonally adjusted and benchmarked to the annual surveys. Note that the report is susceptible to sampling and non-sampling errors.

Using Wholesale Trade Sales for Analysis

The wholesale trade sales data can be used as a leading indicator of retail sales and consumer spending, estimated to drive up to 70% of the GDP.

Source: St. Louis FRED

The wholesale sector is an integral intermediary in the distribution of goods to the final consumer. Therefore, an increase in sales can be seen as an increase in demand by households. As an economic indicator, this increase could signal that the welfare of households is improving and they have more disposable income hence the increase in demand. The increased disposable income could result from increased employment levels in the economy or higher wages received by households. In either scenario, more money is circulating in the economy. It shows that the economy is expanding.

On the other hand, if the wholesale sales are continually decreasing, it could be considered a sign of depressed demand in the economy. The decrease in demand might be resulting from the lower circulation of money in the economy. An increase in unemployment levels or a decrease in household wages can be attributed to the depressed demand. In this instance, it shows that the economy is contracting.

Suppliers and manufacturers can also use wholesale sales data to determine their level of output to match the demand, hence avoid distorting the equilibrium prices. When wholesale trade sales are increasing, the manufacturers and producers will increase their output to match the level of demand in the economy. When the sales are increasing more than the inventories, producers, and manufacturers will have to scale up their production. Increasing production entails hiring more labor hence a decrease in the unemployment levels. This instance shows that the overall economy is expanding.

Conversely, when inventories are increasing more than the wholesale sales, it indicates that demand is falling. The producers and manufacturers will be forced to scale down their operations to avoid having excess supply than demand, which will distort the market prices. As a result, jobs will be lost in the economy making households worse off. Furthermore, corporate profits will b expected to take a hit.

Impact on Currency

Economic growth and the rate of inflation are the two ways wholesale trade sales data can impact the forex market.

An increase in wholesale sales shows that there is an increase in aggregate demand. In this case, the economy is poised to perform well in the coming months, with discretionary sectors flourishing. The increased demand drives the economic growth towards expansion, which might be accompanied by increased demand-driven inflation. Therefore, in the forex market, a sustained increase in wholesale trade sales can be seen as a potential trigger of contractionary monetary and fiscal policies. These policies are implemented to ensure that economic growth is within sustainable levels and the rate of inflation stays below the target rate. As a result, the currency appreciates relative to others.

Conversely, a continuous decline of the wholesale trade sales will lead to the depreciation of the currency. In the forex market, falling wholesale trade sales show a decline in the aggregate demand, which might result in deflation and, eventually, a stagnating economy. To prevent this from happening, governments and central banks might adopt expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. Although these policies are meant to stimulate the economy, they result in the depreciation of the currency.

Sources of Wholesale Trade Sales Data

The US Census Bureau publishes the monthly ‘Wholesale Trade: Sales And Inventories’ report. St. Louis FRED publishes a comprehensive historical coverage of wholesale trade sales in the US.

Source: St. Louis FRED

How Wholesale Trade Sales Data Release Affects The Forex Price Charts?

The US Census Bureau published the latest monthly ‘Wholesale Trade: Sales And Inventories’ report on October 9, 2020, at 10.00 AM EST. This released can be accessed at Investing.com. As shown by the screengrab below, low volatility is expected upon releasing the wholesale trade sales data.

In August 2020, wholesale trade sales grew by 1.4%. This growth was lower than the 4.8% growth recorded in July 2020 and lower than analysts’ expectation of a 2.0% growth.

Theoretically, this lower-than-expected growth should be negative for the USD.

Let’s see how this release impacted the EUR/USD forex charts.

EUR/USD: Before the Wholesale Trade Sales Data Release on October 9, 2020, 
Just Before 10.00 AM ET

The pair can be seen to be trading in a steady uptrend before the news release. The 20-period MA is steeply rising with candles forming above it.

EUR/USD: After the Wholesale Trade Sales Data Release on October 9, 2020, 
at 10.00 AM ET

After the news release, the EUR/USD pair formed a 15-minute bullish candle, as expected. This candle showed that the USD weakened against the EUR immediately, the worse than expected wholesale trade sales data was released. Subsequently, the pair continued trading in a renewed uptrend.

Bottom Line

Although the wholesale trade sales data is regarded as a low-impact economic indicator, it is significant in the current economy. The data can be used to show the rate of economic recovery after the coronavirus induced recession.

Categories
Forex Course

182. Summary – Market Sentiment

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

If you have gone through the previous courses, you already have a solid knowledge of what market sentiment is. You should also be able to create your COT index indicator to spot market trends and points of potential reversals.

To recap, here are a few things you should have in mind by now.

  • The Commitment of Traders (COT) report is the best gauge of the forex market sentiment in
  • The COT report tracks the trading activities by commercial, non-commercial, and retail traders in the futures market.
  • In the futures market positioning, the commercial and non-commercial traders are usually on opposite sides. i.e., when non-commercial traders are long, commercial traders are short.
  • A market reversal can be anticipated when the spread between commercial and non-commercial traders is the widest.
  • The ‘Chicago Mercantile Exchange’ section of ‘Current Legacy Reports’ in the COT report is best suitable for forex traders.

Let’s now conclude this segment with a few things you MUST always keep in mind.

If you haven’t noticed by now, the COT report is best suited for long term trading. If you are a shorter-term trader, you might be inconvenienced if you solely rely on the COT report for a trading signal. You see, the trends established by the COT report index take time to form. But this shouldn’t discourage you; it’s always good to know how the market is trending.

For traders who opt to use the COT report to generate trading signals, the COT report trading indicator is not foolproof. Like thousands of other indicators in the forex market, it is bound to fail at some point. So, you should conduct thorough backtesting with different timeframes to get a proper feel of how the indicator works. Note that with backtesting, you can be able to spot instances where using the COT report can generate false signals, which will help you avoid such conditions in live trading.

Well, even after you have conducted your thorough backtest, you must know that the forex market trends are not solely driven by market sentiment. Several other factors could lead to reversals in the forex market other than the COT report. In any given month, hundreds of high-impact economic indicators and geopolitical developments can significantly influence trends in the forex market. So, be sure to double-check with your economic calendar to know what else is going on in the economy.

[wp_quiz id=”94030″]
Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

Everything About ‘Business Investment’ Fundamental Forex Driver

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The economy is intricately woven. Although consumption accounts for about 70% of the GDP, this consumption wouldn’t be met if the supply was cut short. The point here is – all aspects of the economy are intertwined. Therefore, a change in one aspect of the economy is bound to influence the others significantly. In this article, we will see how investments by businesses influence the economy and how it impacts the forex market.

Understanding Business Investment

In the most basic sense, business investment is defined as spending money to acquire assets, start a business, or expand a business with the anticipation of making profits.

As an economic indicator, Business Investment’ represents the change in capital expenditure in the private sector. This expenditure is an inflation-adjusted value.

Source: Ernst & Young UK

In the UK, for example, business investment data is published quarterly. The data in this report is usually segregated depending on the asset type. These categories include; private sector business investment, investment in transport equipment, investment in ICT equipment and machinery, investment in buildings and structure, and investment in intellectual property products. Cultivated biological resources and the manufacture of weapons are included in the calculation. Note that the following are excluded from the calculation of the data in this report: expenditure on residential dwellings, expenditure on land and existing building, and the cost of ownership or transfer of non-produced assets.

In the calculation of the Business Investment’ in the UK, the data from the Annual Business Survey (ABS) is used to establish a benchmark on investment for various industries.

Using Business Investment in Analysis

As we mentioned earlier, business investment is part of the GDP and is also correlated with other economic aspects. The fact business investment data measures the value of the inflation-adjusted value of capital expenditure gives us a dependable ‘real’ figure of the economic activities over a specific period.

The primary effect of business investment will be on the labor market. When business investment increases, it could mean that new business ventures are being set up or the existing ones are being scaled up and expanded. In both instances, it means that more labor will be required. Remember that business investment encompasses investments made in any profit-making venture; it could be in agriculture, in the financial markets, or the informal sector. As a result, increased business investment lowers the rate of unemployment in the economy.

Furthermore, the increased production leads to the growth of output hence higher levels of GDP.

Source: Ernst & Young UK

Conversely, when business investment decreases, it could imply that economic activities are being scaled down. Scaling down operation implies that less labor will be needed. The result is an increase in unemployment levels. More so, scaling down operations implies low economic outputs hence lower levels of GDP.

Business investment goes hand in hand with the level of demand in the economy. Business investment can be said to be responding to levels of demand. Therefore, when business investment increases, it means that there is a higher demand in the economy. By itself, the increased demand means that other aspects of the economy, such as the labor market, are performing well. On the other hand, decreasing business investment means that demand is falling. Demand Reduction is synonymous to a contracting economy.

The business investment data can also be used to analyze the business cycles and, as a result, help in forecasting recessions and recoveries in the economy. Using historical data on business investment, we can establish a pattern. This pattern will show us periods when business investments were slowing down, when they were stagnating, and when they were rapidly increasing. Naturally, periods when business investments are increasing can be regarded as the expansion stage. The recession stage is characterized by a continuous fall in business investments. When business investments have stagnated, this period could be considered the peak of the business cycle.

In predicting recessions and recoveries, let’s use the example of the coronavirus pandemic. Towards the end of the first quarter of 2020, business investments dropped continuously. The continuous drop in business investment was because investors anticipated the demand in the economy to be severely depressed, especially in the consumer discretion industry. While other sectors of the economy saw some increased investments, most sectors experienced a drastic reduction in business investments. The primary goal when making any investment is to earn profits. In this instance, due to the social distancing rules, massive losses were forecasted across the economy. As a result, business investment reduced as investors looked to reduce their exposure to a contracting economy.

At the beginning of the third quarter of 2020, business investment started increasing. This period signified the beginning of economic recovery from the coronavirus-induced recession. The recovery was prompted by a host of expansionary monetary and fiscal policies implemented by governments and central banks. These policies included lowering interest rates and offering economic stimulus packages of trillions of dollars. These policies signified the revival of the economy to the private sector, hence the increase in business investment.

Impact of Business Investment on Currency

In the forex market, the level of business investment can be used to foretell the policy actions of governments and central banks.

In any economy, the private sector is the single largest employer. Therefore, when the business investment is continuously falling, it can be anticipated that the labor market conditions will worsen, and demand in the economy will be severely depressed. This scenario may trigger expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate the economy and avoid a recession. Such policies make the domestic currency depreciate relative to others.

Conversely, the currency will appreciate when business investment increases. This increase can sign that the economy is performing well with an increase in the money supply. Contractionary monetary and fiscal policies may be implemented to avoid runaway inflation and prevent the economy from overheating. These policies make the domestic currency appreciate.

Sources of Data

In the UK, the Office for National Statistics publishes the quarterly business investment data. Trading Economics has in-depth and historical data on the UK business investment. It also publishes data on global business investment.

How Business Investment Data Release Affects The Forex Price Charts?

The most recent publication of the UK’s business investment data was on September 30, 2020, at 6.00 AM GMT. The release can be accessed from Investing.com. Moderate volatility is to be expected on the GBP when the data is released.

In the second quarter of 2020, business investment in the UK decreased by 26.5%, which was better than the -31.4% expected by analysts.

Let’s see how this release impacted the EUR/GBP pair.

EUR/GBP: Before the Business Investment Data Release on September 30, 2020, 
just before 6.00 AM GMT

The EUR/GBP pair was trading in a weak uptrend before the publication of the UK business investment data. As shown in the above 15-minute chart, candles are forming just above the 20-period MA.

EUR/GBP: After the Business Investment Data Release on September 30, 2020,
at 6.00 AM GMT

The pair formed a 15-minuted bearish ‘Doji’ candle after the news release. Subsequently, the pair adopted a bearish trend.

Bottom Line

While business investment is a significant indicator in the forex market, we may not entirely know the extent of its impact on the GBP. This is because its publication is scheduled at the same time as the GDP – which is a high-impact economic indicator.

Categories
Forex Course

181. Accurately Interpreting The COT Report

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

To this point, you know how to establish market extremes using the COT report. Since you can create your COT report trading indicator, let’s learn how you can effectively interpret the COT report. While spotting the overbought and the oversold regions using the COT report seems arbitrary, a more accurate way of interpreting the COT report would be using percentages of the long and short positions.

We have already established that the best way to identify tops and bottoms using the COT report is by following the trend of the non-commercial traders. Just like the formula for creating the COT trading indicator, calculating the percentages of the long and short positions helps filter out the biases of the raw data.

Calculating the percentage of long positions

For a given currency pair, we first identify the number of long and short contracts. We then use this formula to determine the percentage of long contracts:

For the week of July 31, 2020, the EUR had a net long speculative futures position of 180,648 contracts. The percentage of the long contracts was

For the week of September 18, 2020, the EUR had a net long speculative futures position of 178,576 contracts. The percentage of the long contracts was

Now, assume that you are asked to pick the market top using the raw data for both the above dates. You would have selected the week of July 31, 2020, as your market top. The reason is that the raw data showed that the net long positions for speculative traders have 180648 contracts, while for the week ended September 18, 2020, they had 178576 net long contracts. Clearly, with the raw data, July 31, 2020, would have been the market top.

However, by calculating the percentage of the long contracts for both periods, we see that the week ended September 18, 2020, had the highest percentage at 63.1% compared to 52.6% for the week ended July 31, 2020.

Looking at the futures chart for the EUR, we can confirm that, indeed, the week ended September 18, 2020, was the actual market top.

[wp_quiz id=”94024″]
Categories
Forex Basic Strategies

Top 3 Terrific Ways To Trade Price Channels Like A Pro

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

A price channel is a state of the market that slopes up or down bounded by a trendline above and below the asset’s price. The upper trend line acts as a resistance to the price, while the lower trend line acts as support. The price channel helps traders maintain the focus on the price alone, unlike the other trading tools, which are plotted directly over the price chart. In an uptrend, as long as the price advances and moves within the channel, the underlying asset trend is considered bullish. The break below the channel line is a sign of the trend being reversed. Two main components of the price channel are the Main Trend Line & the Channel Line.

Main Trend Line – It takes a minimum of two to three points on the price chart to draw the trend line. The line sets the tone for the price slop as well as the trend. To draw a bearish trend line, we need at least three reaction points at the highs. To draw a bullish trend line, we also need two to three reaction lows on the price chart.

Channel Line – After drawing the main trend line, we draw the channel line parallel to the main trend line. For drawing the channel line, we also need two to three reaction highs and reaction lows in accordance with the trend. This channel line also acts as a support in an uptrend and resistance in a downtrend.

Trading Strategies To Trade The Price Channel

Trends + Channel

Channels are perfect to trade the pullback markets. It is advisable to look for the price channel that is sloping at a healthy angle. Don’t try to trade the steep or flat channels as they won’t provide good trading opportunities.

Firstly find a trending market and mark at least two reactions of highs and lows. For taking buy entries, wait for the price to touch the channel line and for selling trades, wait for the prices to touch the main trend line. Remember not to trade both buy and sell opportunities in an up-trending market. This approach is used by amateur traders who fail most of the time as we are going against the flow.

The price chart below indicates the price channel on the AUD/NZD forex pair.

The price gave the first selling opportunity on the 16th of May and the second trade was around 19th May. These trades printed a brand new lower low, and we closed our trades when the prices broke the channel.

Reversals + Channels 

In this strategy, we need two timeframes to find accurate trading opportunities. Look for an uptrend on the higher timeframe and then see the same chart on a lower timeframe. On the lower timeframe, let the price to pull back enough. When the prices gave enough pullback, draw the price channel on that pullback. If the prices break below the channel line (in an uptrend) and get knocked back immediately, it is a sign for us to go long. When this happens, we can expect a brand new higher high.

As you can see in the image below, the pair was in an overall downtrend. During the pullback phase, price action tries to break the price channel but get knocked back immediately. It means that some buyers are trying to take the price higher, but the aggressive sellers are grabbing the opportunity to fill a few more orders. After the fake-out, prices held inside the price channel for a bit, and after a few hours, we witnessed a brand new lower low.

Breakouts + Channel

Breakout trading is the most common yet effective approach to take high probability trades. Firstly, find an up-trending market and draw a price channel. Wait for the price to approach any significant level and break below the price channel to take the trade. When the price action goes below the channel line, it is a sign for us to go short. Similarly, in a downtrend, draw the price channel and let the price approach any significant level to take the breakout trade. After the breakout, go long and place the stops just below your entry. If the price holds after the breakout, it is a great sign to take the trade.

The image below represents a sell trade in the GBP/AUD Forex pair. As you can see, the prices were in an uptrend, and when the sellers broke below the price channel, we took a sell trade. We choose a smaller stop-loss order as the channel line also acts as dynamic support to the prices. For booking profits, a higher timeframe support area was a perfect place.

Conclusion

Trading Channels are effective as they provide numerous trading opportunities when the market is moving in that state. You can use all the mentioned ways stated above to trade a channel or use the method that best works for you. When trading, the channel always trade with the trend. Do not over trade whatsoever. If you get used to it, sooner or later, you will blow your trading account. Don’t do this. Instead, always follow the trend. The trend is your friend. Let the market pullback to the channel line to trade with the trend. Another approach is to wait for the prices to break the channel to trade the reversals. These simple approaches are healthier ways to grow your trading account while trading channels. All the best!

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

Impact of ‘Commodity Prices’  On The Forex Market

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Thanks to international trade, some countries prosper disproportionately than others. The disproportionality in the balance of payments is mostly owed to the type of exports a country produces. Countries that are net exporters of precious commodities tend to have a better balance of payment than net importers. For this reason, the fluctuation of these commodities tends significantly affect their economy.

Understanding Commodity Prices 

A commodity can be defined as any physical product that can be traded in any form of exchange. With commodities, there is little differentiation, if any, regardless of where they originate. For example, we can say that an ounce of gold from South Africa is the same as an ounce of gold from Australia.

Naturally, different parts of the world are endowed with different types of natural resources. Furthermore, since commodities are inherently used to produce other goods and services, their value entirely depends on their rarity and demand. Take Copper and Wheat, for example. Both are commodities. But you cannot compare the value of a kilo of copper and a kilo of wheat. Copper is a rare and limited precious commodity, while wheat is readily cultivated. Therefore, a country that is a net exporter of copper will have a better balance of payment than a country that is a net exporter of wheat.

Furthermore, let’s take an example of country A with the largest deposit of commodity X in the world. In this case, country A is basically a monopoly; if it wanted to control the commodity prices, it would reduce the production of the commodity. By doing so, the demand for commodity X would exceed the supply, which means that country A will receive higher prices. Now, imagine a scenario where vast deposits of commodity X are discovered in country B. It now means that the supply of commodity X in the international market will increase, and as a result, the price of commodity X will decrease.

For countries whose economies heavily dependent on commodity exports, the fluctuation of commodity prices heavily impacts the earnings. Furthermore, the changes in the demand for these commodities also affect the GDP of these countries. Note that the price of these commodities also varies depending on their quality. For commodities which are used for trading in the future market, the minimum quality accepted is called the basis grade,

Using Commodity Prices  in Analysis

The commodity prices usually tend to impact the economies which heavily rely on the export of commodities to fund public expenditures.

An increase in commodity prices means that the producing country will receive more income. In turn, this translates to increased wages for workers involved in the production or mining of the commodity. Since households are well compensated, their welfare will significantly increase. Note that for countries heavily dependent on commodity exports, these commodities’ mining or production usually employs a majority in the labor market. Therefore, an increase in wages will significantly impact the changes in the aggregate demand in the economy for consumer goods and services.

This increase in demand tends to lead to an increase in the production of consumer goods. As a result, there will be an expansion of the consumer industry. More so, the expansion of these sectors leads to more job creation hence lowering unemployment levels. Other sectors of the economy will also benefit from this increase in wages. The real estate sector will also flourish since the increase in wages means that households can now afford to fund the purchase of homes or qualify for mortgages.

Conversely, a decline in the prices of commodities means that the labor involved will be compensated lesser. The resultant effect will be a contraction in demand for consumer goods and services since households will be forced to prioritize expenditure on essential products. Consequently, the consumer discretion industry will contract as producers scale down operations to match the decreased demand. As a result, some jobs in these sectors will be lost, contributing to increased unemployment. Therefore, we can see there is a direct link between the changes in commodity prices to the growth of the domestic economy and changes in the domestic employment levels.

Let’s look at another scenario. Say the economy of country A is intertwined with that of country C – country A imports multiple commodities from country C. Since country A’s economy heavily relies on commodities, the prices of these commodities increase, which means that the balance of payment of country A improves and that its citizens are well off. Thus, country A can afford to import more products from country C. therefore, country C’s economy will prosper. Increased imports from A means that production in C will increase, expand its economy, and improve labor market conditions.

Conversely, when commodity prices fall, it means that economic conditions in country A might deteriorate. Consequently, imports from country C will decrease, leading to either C’s economy to contract or a slowdown in its growth. This is usually the case with Australia and New Zealand, whose economies are close to each other.

Source: St. Louis FRED

Therefore, commodity prices do not just affect the economy of countries whose exports are majorly comprised of commodities.

Impact on Currency

The impact of the changes in the commodity price in the forex market is pretty straightforward.

When a country exports a commodity to the international market, it is paid in its currency. Therefore, when the commodity prices increase, it means that the domestic currency will be in high demand. Importers of the commodity will have to convert more of their currencies into the domestic currency. As a result, the value of the domestic currency will appreciate relative to other currencies.

On the other hand, a fall in the commodity means fewer amounts of the domestic currency will be required to purchase the exports. Consequently, the domestic currency will marginally depreciate relative to others.

Sources of Data

In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia publishes the Index of Commodity Prices report monthly.

Source: RBA

Trading Economics has a comprehensive list of commodity prices in both the spot and futures market.

How Commodity Prices Data Release Affects The Forex Price Charts?

The latest publication of the Index of Commodity Prices report by the RBA was on October 1, 2020, at 6.30 AM GMT and can be accessed at Invetsing.com. The release of the commodity prices is expected to have a low impact on the AUD.

In September 2020, the YoY the Australian commodity index decreased by 5.8% compared to a 10.2% decline in the YoY index for August 2020.

Let’s see if this release had an impact on the AUD.

GBP/AUD: Before Commodity Price Release on October 1, 2020, 
just before 6.30 AM GMT

The GBP/AUD pair was trading in a neutral pattern before the publication of the Australian commodity index. The 20-period MA was flattened with candles forming just around it.

GBP/AUD: After Commodity Price Release on October 1, 2020, at 6.30 AM GMT

The pair formed a 5-minute bullish candle when the commodity prices were released. Subsequently, the 20-period MA steadily rose with candles forming above it, showing that the AUD weakened against the GBP.

Bottom Line

In Australia, commodity exports account for about 50% of the export income. While this report plays a vital role in forecasting the Australian economy, it is a low-impact economic indicator in the forex market.

Categories
Forex Course Forex Daily Topic

180. Picking Accurate Tops & Bottoms Using the COT Report

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Our previous lesson covered how you can use the Commitment of Traders report to trade in the forex market. In this lesson, we will learn how you can use the COT report to identify the tops and bottoms, i.e., the levels where a currency is overbought or oversold.

Any forex trader would know that the best timing for a reversal trade is when the market is at extreme levels. The COT report helps us understand the trades’ volume and how the different types of traders are positioned. In the previous lesson, we learned that non-commercial traders’ positioning could be used to determine the market trend. On the other hand, commercial traders accumulate their trades around extreme levels where they believe a market reversal could occur. Thus, the positioning of hedgers can be used to determine the market tops and bottoms.

Now, let’s see how you can identify these extreme levels in forex using the COT report.

How to identify Tops (Overbought Levels) Using the COT Report

It is worth noting that when the markets are rising, the non-commercial traders are buying, i.e., they are bullish. Conversely, the commercial traders (hedgers) are bearish when the markets are rising, meaning they are actively shorting the futures contracts in a bullish market. Therefore, in a bullish market, when speculators continually go long as the hedgers keep shorting, a market top will form.

However, it is almost impossible to predetermine a market top. The best way to spot a market top is to notice a reversal beginning to occur in the market when the spread between the commercial traders and non-commercial traders has widened.

The screengrab above shows a market top formed when the short positions by commercial traders were at maximum. Also, notice that the spread between the commercial and non-commercial traders was wider.

How to identify Bottoms (Oversold Levels) Using the COT Report

When the market prices are falling, non-commercial traders are bearish while the commercial traders are bullish. Therefore, a bearish market will reach the bottom when the non-commercial traders keep selling, and the commercial traders maximize their futures bullish positions.

The best way to spot a market bottom is to notice a bear market trend reversing while the spread between the commercial traders and non-commercial traders has widened.

The screengrab above shows a market bottom forming when the long futures position by the commercial traders was at the maximum. Also, note that the spread between the commercial and non-commercial traders was widest at this point.

[wp_quiz id=”89702″]
Categories
Forex Daily Topic Forex Fundamental Analysis

Everything You Need To Know About The ‘Jobs to Applications Ratio’

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

For any economy, one of the best indicators of health in the labor market is how quickly the unemployed get absorbed into the job industry. This would indicate if the current economy is expanding at par with the growing number of job seekers. Apart from showing the absorption rate in the job market, it can also be used as a coincident economic indicator.

Understanding Jobs to Applications Ratio

The jobs to applications ratio help to put into perspective the number of job vacancies available vs. the number of job applications made during a particular time.

The job vacancies, in this case, represents the totality of the existing Job Vacancies from the previous reporting period that haven’t been filled and the new vacancies in the current period. For example, the total job vacancies for October 2020 would include the unfilled vacancies from the previous months in 2020 and the vacancies that became available in October 2020. The number of job applications does not necessarily need to be those that directly applied for these vacancies. This number is the totality of job seekers who have registered with employment bureaus across the country seeking employment.

Therefore, the formula of the jobs to applications ratio is 

When the number of active job openings is higher than that of active job seekers, the jobs to applications ratio will be higher than 1. Furthermore, the jobs to applications ratio will increase if the number of job openings increases faster than that of active job seekers. Conversely, if the number of active job seekers is higher than that of active openings, the jobs to applications ratio will be lower. Similarly, when the number of active job seekers grows at a faster pace than that of active job openings, the jobs to applications ratio will decrease at a rapid rate.

In most countries, the number of graduates from tertiary academic institutions is usually high. For this reason, most jobs to applications ratio reports usually exclude new school graduates and part-time job seekers. The primary reason for doing this is to smoothen the data since it is not expected that the labor market will absorb all graduates.

Using Jobs to Applications Ratio in Analysis

The Jobs to Applications Ratio shows the health of the labor market and is also a coincident indicator of economic growth. The best way to use the jobs to applications ratio in the analysis is by viewing it as a time series. It will enable you to compare the change in the economy over time easily.

To understand the implication of the Jobs to Application Ratio, we must first understand how job openings and unemployment come about. When the economy is expanding, the unemployment levels go down. An expanding economy is mainly driven by an increase in demand in the economy. Usually, household demand is the primary driver of the increase in aggregate demand.

When the aggregate demand rises, producers of goods and services must also scale up their operations to take advantage of the increasing demand and to avoid distortion of equilibrium price. When they expand their operations, they will need to hire more workers; this is where the unemployment levels go down. Also, note that when the unemployment rate reduces, it means that households’ expenditure increases, which also leads to the expansion of the economy. It is a feedback loop.

It also means that when the economy is contracting, it is a sign of a decrease in aggregate demand. This decrease force producers of consumer goods and services to cut back their production, which results in fewer job openings and increased unemployment.

Now let’s see what jobs to application ratio has to do with all this. When the Jobs to Applications Ratio is increasing over time, it implies that the number of active job openings is growing faster than that of the active job seekers. If, for example, the jobs to applications ratio has been increasing steadily over the past couple of months or years, it would mean the economy has been expanding. This increase shows that increasingly more jobs have been created in the economy.

Alternatively, it could mean that the rate of job retention in the economy is higher since fewer people lose their jobs and begin seeking employment all over again. Conversely, when the Jobs to Applications Ratio is continually decreasing, it means that the economy is contracting and the economy is creating fewer jobs. It could also mean that more jobs are lost in the economy hence the higher number of new job seekers.

The Jobs to Applications Ratio can also show the business cycles and periods of recession and expansion in the economy. When the Jobs to Applications Ratio continually drops, it implies that the economy has been contracting over an extended period with a growing number of unemployed in the economy. This is a clear sign of economic recession. In Japan, for example, the persistent drop in the job to application ratio coincided with the coronavirus-induced recession of the first half of 2020.

Source: Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

In times of economic recovery, businesses are presumed to gradually increase their operations, which means that the jobs to applications ratio will steadily increase.

Impact of Jobs to Applications Ratio on Currency

The value of the currency fluctuates depending on the perceived economic growth. Thus, the direct impact that jobs to applications ration has on currency is its inherent ability to show economic expansions and contractions.

The domestic currency will be expected to appreciate when the jobs to applications ratio increases. The increase in the jobs to applications ratio shows that the economy has been growing hence improved living standards.

Conversely, the domestic currency will depreciate when the jobs to application ratio are steadily decreasing. The continual decrease shows that the domestic economy has been contracting.

Sources of Data

In Japan, the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training is responsible for conducting surveys of the Japanese labor market. The institute publishes the data on Jobs to Applications Ratio monthly.

Trading Economics has a historical review of the Japanese jobs to applications ratio.

How Jobs to Applications Ratio Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training published the latest jobs to applications ratio on October 2, 2020, at 8.30 AM JST. The release is accessed from Investing.com. Moderate volatility is expected on the JPY when the data is published.

In August 2020, the jobs/applications ratio was 1.04 compared to the 1.08 recorded in July 2020. Furthermore, the August ratio was less than the analysts’ expectations of 1.05.

Let’s see how this release impacted the JPY.

USD/JPY: Before Jobs to Applications Ratio Release on October 2, 2020, 
just before 8.30 AM JST

Before the release of the ratio, the USD/JPY pair was trading in a subdued uptrend. The 20-period MA was only slightly rising.

USD/JPY: After Jobs to Applications Ratio Release on October 2, 2020, 
at 8.30 AM JST

The pair formed a 5-minute bearish “hammer” candle immediately after the release of the ratio. Subsequently, it traded in a neutral pattern before adopting a bullish trend.

Bottom Line

The Jobs to Applications Ratio plays a significant role in establishing the health of the labor market. However, in the forex market, the unemployment rate is the most-watched economic indicator when it comes to the health of the labor market.

Categories
Forex Course

179. Using the COT Report for Trading & Analysis

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Our previous lessons have covered where you can access the Commitment of Traders Report and the components contained within the report. In this lesson, we discuss how you can use the Commitment of Traders Report in forex trading.

Since the COT report gives the market sentiment in forex, this report’s publication should affect the price action in forex. Most forex traders pay attention to the non-commercial traders’ category of the COT report. The interest with the non-commercial traders is because these traders are considered speculative participants.

The nonreportable positions held by small-scale retail traders are not significant enough to move the markets. Similarly, since commercial traders are not considered speculative traders, the impact of their positions on price action tends to be subdued.

How the COT Report Affects Price Action?

When the non-commercial traders are accumulating their positions, it affirms a particular trend. Let’s take the AUD/USD, for example. When non-commercial traders, over time, are accumulating futures short position on the AUD as the AUD/USD pair falls, is a confirmation that this downtrend will persist. Conversely, when the non-commercial traders are accumulating future long positions of the AUD as the AUD/USD keeps rising, it is a confirmation that the uptrend will continue. This way, you can use the COT report as a trend confirmation indicator.

The COT report can also be used to indicate the overbought and oversold regions. The non-commercial traders, i.e., speculators, have a limit on how much they can buy or sell. These traders will reach a point where they would want to close their positions and take profits. Furthermore, when in a persistent uptrend, speculators might feel it’s no longer profitable to keep buying futures contracts at higher prices. Similarly, in a downtrend, these traders might not consider it profitable to keep selling at lower prices.

When the speculators have reached their critical limits in the forex futures, they begin reversing their trends. For day traders, the impact of the COT is diminished since its effects are long-term.

How the COT Report Publication Affects Forex Charts?

The screengrab below is GBP futures. At the bottom, if the COT indicator is showing the trend of commercial traders, non-commercial traders, and retail traders. In this case, we are interested in the non-commercial traders (i.e., large traders) since their positions influence the trend.

As you can see, the market moves at pace with the changes in the positioning of the large traders.

[wp_quiz id=”89690″]
Categories
Forex Assets

Trading The JPY/HUF Forex Exotic Currency Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In the JPY/HUF currency pair, JPY represents the currency of Japan. On the other hand, HUF is the Hungarian Forint. This currency pair represents the value of Hungarian Forints (quote currency) per Yen (base currency). This pair can be represented as 1 JPY per X HUF. For example, if the value of this currency pair is at 2.91 (CMP), then about 2.9 HUF is required to purchase one JPY.

JPY/HUF Specification

Spread

If we want to determine the spread, we should subtract the Bid price and the Ask price. Spread is a trading charge that the broker takes as soon as we open a trade. This value changes with the change of the execution model.

Spread on ECN: 13 pips | Spread on STP: 18 pips

Fees

Every broker takes a trading fee from a trader. The process of taking the fee is almost the same as every broker in the world. Note that the fee is only applicable to ECN accounts.

Slippage

Slippage happens when the execution price and open trade price are not the same. The volatility and the broker’s execution speed are the main cause of slippage.

Trading Range in JPYHUF

The trading range is the representation of the minimum, average, and maximum volatility of this pair on the 1H, 4H, 1D, 1W, and 1M timeframe. Using these values, we can assess our profit/loss margin of trade. Hence, this proves to be a helpful risk management tool for all types of traders.

Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can assess a large time period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

JPYHUF Cost as a Percent of the Trading Range

With the volatility values from the above table, we can determine the chance of cost with the change of volatility. We have got the ratio between total cost and the volatility values and converted them into percentages.

ECN Model Account 

Spread = 13 | Slippage = 5 | Trading fee = 8

Total cost = Spread + Slippage + Trading Fee

= 13 + 5 + 8

Total cost = 26

STP Model Account

Spread = 18 | Slippage = 5 | Trading fee = 0

Total cost = Spread + Slippage + Trading Fee

= 18 + 5 + 0

Total cost = 23 

The Ideal way to trade the JPYHUF

As per the above data, we can say that JPYHUF is not an extremely volatile pair. Therefore, traders from every level can trade with it and make money. The average cost per trade in the H1 timeframe is at 41.86%, which decreases to almost 1% in a monthly timeframe. As a trader, it is often hard to trade in a timeframe like weekly or monthly, as it is very time-consuming. Therefore, sticking to the hourly to daily timeframe is recommended for traders to minimize the trading cost.

Another way to reduce the cost is to place orders as ‘limit’ and ‘stop’ instead of ‘market’ orders. In limit orders, slippage will not be in the calculation of the total costs. Therefore, in the below example, the total cost will be reduced by five pips.

Limit Model Account (STP Model Account)

Spread = 18 | Slippage = 0 | Trading fee = 0

Total cost = Spread + Slippage + Trading Fee

= 18 + 0 + 0

Total cost = 18

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

USD/CAD Global Macro Analysis – Part 3

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The exogenous analysis for the USD/CAD pair will involve analyzing factors that significantly contribute to these two currencies’ interaction. Remember, when trading forex, you are trading a currency pair, which means you buy one currency and sell the other. With exogenous analysis, you get the bigger picture regarding the currency pair as a whole. In a sense, the exogenous analysis compares how the endogenous factors between the US and Canadian economies net against each other.

For the exogenous analysis, we’ll focus on:

US and Canadian Interest rate differential

Interest rate differential is the difference between the interest rates in the US and Canadian. When the interest rate in one country s higher than the other, investors will pull their funds from the country with the lower interest rate to invest in high yielding securities in the country with the higher interest rate.

Canada’s interest rate has for most of the year been higher than that in the US. We, therefore, expect that from March 2020, the USD weakened against the CAD. However, since the current interest rate differential is 0%, going forward, we do not expect that it will play a significant role in determining the value of the USD/CAD pair. Hence, we assign it a neutral score of 0.

GDP Growth Differential

A country’s GDP growth is mainly propelled by growth in international trade. Therefore, when the GDP expands, we can expect that the country is becoming a net exporter. That means the demand for its currency increases in the international market, which also increases its value.

Over the years, the Canadian GDP growth rate has outpaced that of the US. However, in the third quarter of 2020, the US GDP growth rate outpaced Canada by 23.1%. Based on our correlation analysis between the GDP differential and the USD/CAD pair, we assign an inflationary score of 2. If this trend continues, we expect a future strengthening of the USD against CAD.

Differences in Trade Balance

The balance of trade helps to show the trade deficits that a country operates in the international market. The trade deficit widens as the country consistently becomes a net importer. Furthermore, the trade deficit can also widen if the value of the goods exported by a country drops while the value of imports increases.

From April 2020, the Canadian trade deficit has been widening as compared to that of the US. In October 2020 data release, the Canadian trade deficit widened by CAD 3.25 billion while the US trade deficit widened by $3.1 billion. Due to its high correlation with the USD/CAD pair, we assign the difference in trade deficit an inflationary score of 3. If this trend persists, we expect it to result in bullish USD/CAD.

Conclusion

Based on the exogenous analysis, the USD/CAD gets an inflationary score of 5. It implies that if the current trend of the exogenous factors persists, we can expect a bullish trend for the USD/CAD pair in the near term.  Now that we know the trend, we can use technical analysis to find accurate entries and exits in this currency pair while keeping the bullish trend in mind.

From the exogenous analysis of the USD/CAD pair, we have observed that the pair is expected to adopt a bullish trend in the near term. Let’s see if this is supported by technical analysis. In the below weekly chart, we can see the pair bouncing off a 2-year support line and from the oversold territory of the Bollinger Bands. This indicates a clear bullish trend in the near future. 

We hope you found this analysis informative. Please let us know if you have any questions in the comments below, and we would love to address them. Cheers.

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

USD/CAD Global Macro Analysis – Part 2

CAD Endogenous Analysis – Summary

CAD Endogenous Analysis – Summary

CAD Endogenous Analysis – Summary

The Canadian endogenous factors recorded a score of -11.5, implying a deflationary effect in the CAD as well. This means that according to the Fundamental indicators, the CAD has also lost its value since the year began, but not as much as the USD.

Unemployment Rate

The unemployment rate measures the number of people who do not have jobs and are actively seeking gainful employment. The unemployment rate is used to show business cycles and economic growth because when businesses expand, the demand for labor is higher when the economy is undergoing a contraction, the demand for labor decreases, and the unemployment rate increases.

In October 2020, the Canadian unemployment rate was 8.9% down from the historic highs of 13.7% registered in May 2020. The rate is still higher than the 5.6% average before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic.

Based on our correlation analyses, the Canadian unemployment rate gets a score of -6. It means that in 2020 the unemployment rate has a deflationary impact on the CAD.

Canadian Rate of Inflation

The Canadian CPI is a weighted average of the following categories: Shelter 27.5%, Transportation 9.3%, Food 16.1%, household operations 11.8%, education and recreation 11.8%, clothing 5.7%, health and personal care 5%, and alcohol and tobacco 3%.

The CPI target in Canada is 2%. The Bank of Canada uses monetary policy to maintain inflation within the target range of 2%. An increasing rate of inflation is positive for the CAD.

In October 2020, the annual inflation rate in Canada rose to 0.7 from lows of -0.4 in May 2020, but still below the 2.4 recorded in January.

We assign the Canadian rate of inflation a score of -7, meaning it had a negative impact on the CAD.

Canada Industrial production

Industrial production is used to measure the output from manufacturing, mining, and the utility sectors in Canada.

In August 2020, the industrial production in Canada declined by 9.04%. Based on our correlation analysis of the Canadian industrial production and GDP, we assign it a deflationary score of -5.

Manufacturing sales

The Canadian manufacturing sales measure the value changes in the output from the manufacturing goods in the economy. It can be used to measure the short-term health of the manufacturing sector and, by extension, the health of the overall economy.

In September 2020, the manufacturing sales were worth CAD 53.8 billion, representing a 1.4% increase from August. However, manufacturing sales are still 3.6% below the pre-coronavirus period.

Based on the correlation analysis with the Canadian GDP, we assign an inflationary score of 3 to the manufacturing sales.

Retail sales

The Canadian retail sales data measures the total value that households spend on purchasing goods and services for direct consumption. This value is adjusted for inflation.

Consumption by households accounts for up to 78% of the Canadian GDP. Changes in the retail sales data can be used as a leading indicator of the welfare of households. Higher retail sales imply increased demand in the economy hence higher manufacturing and lower unemployment rates.

The retail sales in September 2020 steadily increased by 1.1% from lows of -26.4% in April. Based on the correlation analysis with the GDP, we assign retail sales a score of 6.

Government debt to GDP ratio

In 2019, Canada’s public debt to GDP was 88.6, representing a 1.26% decline from 89.7 registered in 2018.

In 2020 the government debt to GDP in Canada is expected to rise due to the various stimulus packages necessitated by the coronavirus pandemic. However, based on the past correlation analysis with GDP, we assign a marginal deflationary score of -2 on Canada’s government debt to GDP ratio.

Canada housing starts

The housing starts indicators track the number of new residential buildings that begin construction. It is used as a leading indicator of the demand in the real estate market and demand in the housing market.

In October 2020, the housing starts in Canada were 214,875 units. Based on the correlation analysis with the GDP, we assign Canadian housing starts an inflationary score of 2.5.

Canada Government Budget Value

This indicator measures the value of the Canadian budget in terms of surplus or deficit. It takes into account the difference between revenues collected and the expenditures by the government. The government budget value doesn’t include public debt.

As of August 2020, the Canadian budget deficit was CAD 21.94 billion. Revenue collected by the government during the month dropped by CAD 1.3 billion, while expenditures increased by CAD 42.92 billion due to COVID-19 response measures.

Based on its high correlation with the GDP, we assign a deflationary score of -6.

Business confidence

In Canada, business confidence is measured by the Ivey Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI). It measures the business expectations and operating environment from the perspective of an operating panel of purchasing managers from both private and public sectors across Canada.

The Ivey PMI focuses on supplier deliveries, purchases, employment, inventories, and prices. Values over 50 imply expansion while below 50 implies contraction.

The Ivey PMI reading for October 2020 was 54.5, indicating expansion. From our correlation analysis, we assign Canadian business confidence an inflationary score of 3.

In our next article, we will analyze the Exogenous factors of both USD and CAD to come to an appropriate conclusion.

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Forex Fundamental Analysis

USD/CAD Global Macro Analysis – Part 1

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The global macro analysis of the USD/CAD pair involves the analysis of both the endogenous and exogenous factors inherent for both currencies. For this analysis, we’ll focus on analyzing those factors, which significantly impact both these currencies.

Endogenous factors are the fundamental economic factors that drive the GDP and economic growth in a country. These factors include fundamental economic indicators unique to a particular country. Note that although the fundamental economic indicators primarily drive an economy’s GDP, they can also be used to predict interest rate policies that impact the value of a currency. Therefore, we will analyze the endogenous factors that affect both the USD and the CAD.

Exogenous factors are the economic factors that define the relationship between these two currencies.

Ranking Scale

The endogenous factors are ranked on a sliding scale from -10 to +10; it shows their inflationary and deflationary impact on the respective currencies. This ranking scale is determined by the YTD change of the fundamental indicator being reviewed.

In this article, let’s first analyze the Endogenous factors that affect our base currency, that is, the USD.

USD Endogenous Analysis – Summary

While analyzing the endogenous factors affecting the USD, we have focused only on the indicators that significantly impact the economy. Due to the US’s coronavirus-induced economic recession, we can expect a net deflationary impact on the USD. The USD endogenous factors recorded a score of -19.1, implying a deflationary effect on the USD. This essentially means that according to these indicators, the USD has lost its value since the beginning of this year.

Unemployment rate

In the US, the rate of unemployment is used to determine the total percentage of the workforce that is actively looking for gainful employment.

The changes in the unemployment rate are also used to gauge the US economic recovery during the coronavirus pandemic. Reduction in the unemployment rate means that the economy is rebounding since we can deduce that when more companies resume operations,  more workers are employed.

The most recent unemployment rate for the US was 6.9% for October 2020. Notably, this is a significant decline from the historic highs of 14.7% registered in May 2020. Our correlation analyses assign the US unemployment rate a score of -8 in 2020, meaning that the unemployment rate had a deflationary impact on the USD in 2020.

ISM Manufacturing PMI

The Institute of Supply Management (ISM) Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) compiles data on over 400 US companies. This indicator tracks the changes in new export orders, imports, production, supplies and deliveries, inventories, price, employment, new orders, and the backlog of orders. The components of the indicator are weighted as follows: 30% for new orders, 25% for production, 20% for employment, 15% for deliveries, and 10% for inventories.

The US manufacturing sector accounts for about 20% of the overall GDP. When the index is above 50, it shows that the manufacturing sector is expanding, while a reading below 50 shows the sector is contracting.

The most recent publication of the ISM manufacturing PMI for October 2020 was 59.3 showing that the US manufacturing sector is expanding. Our correlation analysis gives the ISM manufacturing PMI a score of 3, meaning it had an inflationary effect on the USD in 2020.

ISM Non-manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (ISM NMI PMI)

This indicator tracks the activities of over 370 purchasing and supply executives across 62 different services industries. The index aggregates the diffusion of the business activity, new orders, employment, and supplier deliveries in equal weights and seasonally adjusted.

Note that the services sector in the US contributes to about 80% of the overall GDP. When this index above 50, it means that the services sector is expanding. A  reading below 50 shows the sector is contracting.

Based on our correlation analysis, we assign the ISM non-manufacturing PMI a score of 4.4. It means it had an inflationary impact on the USD in 2020.

US rate of inflation

The inflation rate measures the changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households. The consumer price index for all urban consumers (CPI-U) gives a better overview of the general population’s inflation rate since urban areas are generally the most populated.

A rapidly increasing inflation rate forebodes future interest rate hikes, which have an inflationary effect on the USD. A consistently dropping inflation rate could imply that interest rate cuts are looming, which depreciates the currency.

Our correlation analysis assigns the US rate of inflation a score of  -6, meaning it had a deflationary impact on the USD.

Gross Federal Debt to GDP ratio

This indicator measures the sustainability of the government’s debt. Effectively, the debt to GDP ratio compares what a country owes to what it produces hence showing its ability to repay its debts. This ratio can be used to determine when a government’s debt is getting unsustainably high. Hence, the higher the ratio, the more likely the default.

While it is normal for countries to operate budget deficit, increasing debt to GDP ratio is acceptable only when the country can sustainably finance its debt repayments at no expense to economic development. Note that the expansionary effect of higher debt to GDP ratio results in lower interest rates, hence, depreciating the domestic currency.

In 2020, the US debt to GDP ratio is 120; and according to our correlation analysis, we assign a score of -9.5, meaning it had a deflationary impact on the USD.

US Consumer Sentiment

The consumer confidence index is used to measure three aspects of the economy from the consumer’s perspective. It measures the consumers’ views on the prevailing economic conditions, their longer-term view on the economy, and personal financial situation.

The surveyed consumers and the questions posed are designed to represent all American households as accurately as possible statistically. Therefore, lower consumer sentiment means that consumers are more likely to reduce their consumption expenditure. Higher consumer sentiment implies that they are likely to increase their expenditure in the economy resulting in higher GDP.

The most recently published data on the US Michigan Consumer Sentiment showed the consumer sentiment was at 77 in November 2020 from yearly highs of 101 in February 2020. From our correlation analysis, we assign the consumer sentiment a score of -3, meaning it had a deflationary impact on the USD.

In the next article, you can find the endogenous analysis of CAD in the USD/CAD currency pair.

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Forex Fundamental Analysis

Exploring The ‘US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count’ Macro Economic Indicator

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Countries like the US and Canada, whose economies largely depend on oil, knowing if oil production is increasing or decreasing can offer valuable insight into the economy. The changes in production not only serve as a leading indicator of demand for oil and its products but also of the labor market.

Understanding US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count

Baker Hughes is an American energy technology company providing oil field services. The company specializes in the oil and gas industry, providing services from exploration, formation evaluation, oil drilling, production, and reservoir consulting. Baker Hughes is operational in over 120 countries. Other services provided by the company include turbomachinery and process solutions, software and analytics, and measurements, testing, and control, throughout the oil and gas industry.

The US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count reports the number of oil and gas rigs operating in the US. The report is published every Friday at noon EST. The report details the rig count based on location, i.e., the number of rigs operational on land, inland waters, and offshore. It also contains a section on “US Breakout Information,” which has subsections on oil, gas, and miscellaneous.

This section of the report also shows the number of directional, horizontal, or vertical rigs. Furthermore, the report also shows the ‘Major State Variances.’ A different section of the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count report also breaks down the Rotary oil and gas rigs operations by State and location.

Suffice to say, the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count report provides a comprehensive look into the oil and gas weekly operations. The report shows the rigs that are operational during the current reporting period and the change from the previous reported period. It also shows the current change from a year ago.

Using US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count in Analysis

The US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count can show the demand for oil and oil products. Furthermore, the report is a leading indicator of the demand for products and services offered by the oil service industry.

When the oil rig count increases, more oil rigs have become operational during the reporting period. In the labor industry, this increase has two implications – an increase in direct and indirect labor. Direct labor increases since the workers in these rigs become active. Indirect labor is in the form of workers who will provide ancillary services to the operational oil rigs. In cities where these rigs are operational, they form an integral part of the economy. Therefore, when they are operational, the economies in these regions flourish, and the unemployment levels decline.

Furthermore, the consumer discretionary sectors also expand due to an increase in household demand. Conversely, when the count reduces, it means that the oil rigs are shutting down. The consequence of this is layoffs, which eventually depresses the demand in the economy. It is essential to know that while oil production in the US is not the major employer in the labor market, the effects of massive job losses on the broader economy cannot be ignored.

The increase in the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count means that there is an increasing oil demand.  To better understand the oil demand, we first need to understand the top consumers of oil in the economy. According to the US Energy Information Administration, the top consumers of oil in the US are; transportation 68%, industries 26%, residential 3%, commercial 2%, and electric power less than 1%. Therefore, we can safely conclude that whenever oil production increases, the increase in demand is primarily driven by transportation and industrial sectors.

Here is the implication to the economy, when oil demand by these two industries increases, demand for goods and services offered by these two sectors has also increased. In the transportation sector, whenever the demand for oil increases, it means that more people are purchasing cars. In the industrial sector, the increase in demand for oil implies an expansion in operations. An increase follows the expansion in employment opportunities and increased economic output. In both these instances, it is implied that the economy is growing.

Conversely, when the rigs are shutting down, it is usually to avoid overproduction, which might grossly distort the oil prices. This reduction in oil supply could be taken as a sign of a decrease in demand. Based on the top consumers of oil in the US, a decline in the oil demand implies that the economy is contracting.

The US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count can also be used to show periods of economic recession and recovery. Take the example of the recent coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic resulted in nationwide lockdowns and social distancing. Virtually, transportation was halted as the majority of the population opted to work from home. Industries were shut down to depressed demand. This implied that the oil demand plummeted, which was followed by a recession of the US economy.

Source: Trading Economics

When the US economy started resuming some sense of normalcy, we can notice the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count increasing. This showed that the oil demand was picking up again, which means that transportations and industrial sectors were upping their operations.

Source: Trading Economics

Impact of US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count on the USD

The value of a country’s currency depends on the fundamentals of its economy. Since the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count can be used as a leading indicator of the US economy, the change in the count impacts the USD.

Theoretically, an increase in the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count should be accompanied by an appreciating USD. The increasing count signifies that the US economy is expanding. Conversely, a decline in the count means that the US economy is contracting; hence the USD should be expected to depreciate.

Sources of Data

Baker Hughes publishes the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count report at the end of every working week. Trading Economics has a historical time series data of the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count.

How US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

The most recent publication was on October 23, 2020, at 1.00 PM EST and accessed at Investing.com. The USD is expected to experience moderate volatility when this report is published.

In the week to October 23, 2020, the number of oil rigs operating in the US was 211, increasing from 205 a week earlier.

Let’s find out how this increase impacted the USD.

GBP/USD: Before US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count Release on October 23, 2020, 
just before 1.00 PM EST

Before the release of the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count, the GBP/USD pair was trading in a weak downtrend. From the above 5-minute chart, we can observe that the 20-period MA was only slightly dropping.

GBP/USD: After US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count Release on October 23, 2020, 
at 1.00 PM EST

After the release, the pair formed a 5-minute bearish “hammer” candle. Subsequently, the pair traded in a weaker downtrend as the 20-period MA was flattening with candles forming just around it.

Bottom Line

The US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count plays a vital role as a leading indicator of the demand for oil and oil products. As shown by the above analyses, the US Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count doesn’t significantly impact the Forex price action.

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Forex Course

178. Decoding The COT Report

In the previous lesson, we learned how, where, and when you can access the Commitment of Traders report. In this lesson, we will discuss the elements contained in the COT report. The CFTC prepares four COT report types: the Legacy Report, the Supplemental Report, the Disaggregated Report, and the Traders in Financial Futures report. For forex traders, the Legacy and the Traders in Financial Futures reports are of most importance.

In the previous lesson, we learned how, where, and when you can access the Commitment of Traders report. In this lesson, we will discuss the elements contained in the COT report. The CFTC prepares four COT report types: the Legacy Report, the Supplemental Report, the Disaggregated Report, and the Traders in Financial Futures report. For forex traders, the Legacy and the Traders in Financial Futures reports are of most importance.

In the previous lesson, we learned how, where, and when you can access the Commitment of Traders report. In this lesson, we will discuss the elements contained in the COT report. The CFTC prepares four COT report types: the Legacy Report, the Supplemental Report, the Disaggregated Report, and the Traders in Financial Futures report. For forex traders, the Legacy and the Traders in Financial Futures reports are of most importance.

The Legacy Report
The Legacy report is categorized by different exchanges. Forex traders pay attention to the reports from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The Legacy reports have categories for only futures report and a combination of both futures’ and options report. The open interest positions that are reportable are categorized into two: non-commercial and commercial traders.
The Traders in Financial Futures (TFF) Report

This report contains financial contracts, including the US Treasuries, currencies, the VIX, and Eurodollars. Like the Legacy report, it has two categories; only futures report and a combination of both futures’ and options report. The open interest positions in the TFF report are categorized into four: leveraged funds; dealer/intermediary; asset manager/institutional; and other reportable.

Understanding Terms used in the COT Report

Open Interest: The totality of all futures and options contracts that have not yet been executed but are yet to be offset by exercise, delivery, or transaction.

Reportable Positions: these are open interests that are equal to or exceed the reporting level set by the CFTC. These positions are reported to the CFTC by foreign exchange brokers, futures commission merchants, and clearing members. The reportable positions account for about 70% to 90% of all open interests in a given market.

Nonreportable positions: are calculated by subtracting the reportable positions from the total open interests in a given market. The traders involved in nonreportable positions are unknown, as is their classification on whether they are commercial or non-commercial. These are mainly small-scale retail traders.

Commercial Traders: are traders who participate in the futures and options market to hedge their core business activities. In forex futures, commercial traders seek to offset the risks of the spot market. The CFTC has set the definition that qualifies a commercial trader under Regulation 1.3 (z). Commercial traders do not seek to take possession of the assets underlying a futures contract.

Non-commercial Traders: are also known as large speculators. These traders participate in the futures market primarily as an investment by speculating on price movements. They have no intentions of taking ownership of the underlying asset to profit from the price difference.

Changes in commitments from previous reports: shows the difference between the data in the current and the immediate previous publication of the report.

Number of Traders: show the reportable traders in each category. For each category, a trader is counted if they have an open position. The number of traders in each category can exceed the total number of traders because a single trader can have open positions in different categories.

[wp_quiz id=”89679″]
Categories
Forex Basic Strategies

Combining The ‘Rail Road’ Trading Pattern With Pivot Points To Generate Accurate Trading Signals

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In the previous set of articles, we discussed strategies based on most of the technical indicators in forex. But there is one technical indicator that was not covered extensively and, i.e., the ‘Pivot Points’ indicator. Traders do not use it extensively because they don’t know the right way of using it and are not aware of their strength.

Today, we solve this problem by discussing a mostly based strategy on the Pivot Points indicator. By now, we all know that a technical indicator should never be in isolation. Therefore, the ‘Pivot Points’ indicator is combined with some very powerful chart patterns and key technical levels to improve the probability of successful trades.

‘Pivot Points’ are nothing but potential support and resistance levels that will help us determine the same, even it is established. The pivot point’s parameters are usually taken from the previous day’s trading range to calculate today’s pivot points. The simplest way of plotting the pivot point indicator on the chart is by selecting the indicator from the broker’s charting software.

The main pivot point (PP) is the central pivot based on which all other pivot levels are calculated. Calculating the central pivot point is pretty simple. We just have to add yesterday’s high, low, and close and then divide that by 3, a simple average of the high, low, and close. We don’t have to worry about the calculations as the software does all that for us and gives it readymade.

The only thing we have to remember is that if the price is trading above the central pivot point, it signals a bullish trend. If the price is below the central line, it is considered a bearish trend.

Time Frame

The strategy works well on small time frames such as 15 minutes, 3 minutes, and 1 minute. It would not be wrong to classify the above strategy as a ‘Scalping Strategy.’

Indicators

We use just one technical indicator for the strategy and, i.e., ‘Pivot Points.’ We could also use the Simple Moving Average (SMA) to get a clear idea about the market trend.

Currency Pairs

The strategy is only applicable to major currency pairs of the forex market. EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, GBP/JPY, AUD/USD, EUR/GBP, and NZD/USD are preferred currency pairs.

Strategy Concept

The ‘Pivot Point’ strategy is based on the concept that when price respects any of the support and resistance levels of the ‘Pivot Point’ indicator, they tend to become ‘true’ S/R levels that can be relied upon. When price re-tests these ‘true’ support and resistance levels, it moves in the direction as anticipated. The above logic works greatly in favor of traders and thus increases the probability of making a profit. However, there are some rules we need to follow to execute the above strategy successfully. Let’s discuss these rules in detail.

Trade Setup

To explain the strategy, we will be executing a ‘long’ trade in EUR/USD currency pair using the strategy’s rules. Here are the steps to execute the strategy.

Step 1: Firstly, we have to plot the pivot point indicator on the chart with its default settings. As this is mostly an intraday strategy, we start each day as fresh using the partitions made by the pivot point indicator. The below image exactly shows how the beginning of a new day would look like on the pivot points.

Step 2: Next, we need to wait for the price to touch any support and resistance levels as plotted on the chart by the pivot point indicator. Not all touches are going to be important to us. Only the price touches that cause major price movement in the market will be considered as significant. For instance, if the price touches R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 and goes down to the central line (PP), this shall be considered ‘true’ resistance. Likewise, if the price touches S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 and goes back up to the central line, this shall be considered ‘true’ support.

The below image shows how price touches S1 and travels close to the central line. Hence, this can be considered as ‘true’ support. The further price travels, the stronger is going to be the ‘support.’

Step 3: After establishing ‘true’ support and resistance levels, we wait for the price to return to this level and show a suitable price action pattern before we can actually enter into a trade. Once the price touches established ‘support’ or ‘resistance,’ we need to watch for the formation of the ‘Rail-Road Track’ candlestick pattern on the chart. The ‘Rail-Road Track’ is essential because it confirms the respective level. We still don’t enter for a trade. The next step explains the rule of ‘entry.’

Step 4: To be sure that the support or resistance is holding, we enter only after the price starts moving in the direction we expect to move. For example, in the case of ‘true’ support, we enter ‘long’ when the price moves a further higher from the ‘support.’ Similarly, in the case of ‘true’ resistance, we enter ‘short’ when the price moves further lower from the ‘resistance.’

Step 5: In this step, we define the take-profit and stop-loss levels for the trade. The stop-loss is placed below the ‘support’ from where the price had bounced off, in case of a ‘long’ position. On the other hand, it is placed above the ‘resistance’ from where the price had collapsed. The ‘take-profit’ is set at the opposing ‘support’ and ‘resistance’ level as indicated by the pivot point indicator.

Strategy Roundup

The pivot point strategy is like a complementary tool to the traditional S/R strategy that can be used to improve the results. Since we are dealing with really small time frames, the probability of ‘successful trades’ can be ‘low.’ However, that shouldn’t be a concern for us as the risk to reward (RR) of trades executed using the above strategy is above average. This will ultimately put us in a profitable position.

Categories
Forex Basic Strategies

The Best Tools to Trade Pullbacks Effectively

A Pullback is a pause, retracement, or consolidation of a price from the most recent peak during an ongoing trend. The pullback is widely seen as a trading opportunity after the underlying asset experienced a large upside or downside move. For example – Any forex pair is in a strong uptrend, and some healthy news came, and price action dropped back to the most recent support area that indicates the professional traders are booking the profits.

A Pullback is a pause, retracement, or consolidation of a price from the most recent peak during an ongoing trend. The pullback is widely seen as a trading opportunity after the underlying asset experienced a large upside or downside move. For example – Any forex pair is in a strong uptrend, and some healthy news came, and price action dropped back to the most recent support area that indicates the professional traders are booking the profits.

A Pullback is a pause, retracement, or consolidation of a price from the most recent peak during an ongoing trend. The pullback is widely seen as a trading opportunity after the underlying asset experienced a large upside or downside move. For example – Any forex pair is in a strong uptrend, and some healthy news came, and price action dropped back to the most recent support area that indicates the professional traders are booking the profits.

Pullbacks happen all the time, and if you learn how to trade them successfully, it can be a great skill as a trader. Trading the pullback is the easiest way to trade the market, sometimes you will recognize the high probability pullback trades and sometimes extreme volatile pullbacks, and you can enhance your repertoire and find many higher probability trades. If you are new in the market, then pullback trading is a fantastic and easy way to find superior risk-to-reward ratio trades. In this article, we will explore five trading strategies that provide excellent pullback trades.

Pullback Trading Strategies

Two-Legged Pullback To The MA 

Al Brooks popularized the concept of two legs pullback in his price action books. He explained most of the time, price action print two legs to reach the moving average. We backtested his strategy and found out that his techniques work very well in the trending market, but sometimes in the strong trending market, you will only witness one leg.

This is because most market operators are in a hurry to move the market; this may be because of any fundamental news. To filter out all the low probability trades, it is advisable to find a trending market and then wait for the price action to print the two legs towards the moving average, and when all the moves complete, take the buy entry.

The image below represents the buying trade in the EURGBP forex pair. The moving average indicates the buying trend in the currency. Price action pulled back to the moving average, prices responded from the moving average and goes a bit higher and end up printing the second leg. The second leg goes down to the moving average, but the strong buyers smack back up and close above the moving average. Furthermore, the price slows down a bit, and we took buying entry with the stops below the entry, and for taking profit, we choose the brand new higher high.

Candlestick Pattern + MA

This method will use the bullish engulfing candlestick pattern with a moving average to successfully trade the market.

Here we need two ingredients.

  1. Price action pullback to the moving average.
  2. The market forms a bullish engulfing pattern.

First of all, look for the strong trending market and wait for price action to approach the moving average. At this stage, if the price action prints the engulfing pattern,  it’s the right time for you to go for a buy entry. Otherwise, no entries are allowed for you. An  Engulfing Pattern indicates the sellers try to print the brand new lower low, but because of dynamic support of moving average prices pulled back and buyers end up eating all the sellers. As a result, we witnessed the Bullish Engulfing pattern.

The image below represents the buying trade in the EURNZD forex pair. As you can see, at the end of the downtrend, price action goes above the moving average, and we witnessed the engulfing pattern. The trading pattern closed above the moving average, which was a confirmation of buyers came back to the show and were expecting the brand new higher high.

Trendlines + Channel Trading

This one is the simple trading approach, which is not much popular, but it often generates wonderful trading results. First of all, you must draw the trend line to the ongoing trend, and when the price action pulls back enough, then draw the price channel to identify the oversold and overbought area. When price action approaches the trend line as well as the lower line of the price channel, it is an indication to go long.

The image below represents the buying entry in the AUDCHF forex pair. The trend line was the indication that the buyers are leading the show. During the pullback phase, when enough sellers approach the trend line and the lower channel line, it gave the strong buying candle. The reason we got the strong candle is because for the support and resistance trader, the zone was a dynamic support area to go long.

RSI + Stochastic Indicator

In this approach, we are using the two oscillators to trade the pullbacks. Stochastic and RSI both are oscillators, and they both oscillate between the significant levels. In an uptrend, wait for the price action to pull back. When the stochastic and RSI gave the oversold signal, it is a perfect time to go for a brand new higher high.

The image below indicates the buying trade in the AUDCHF forex pair. The pair was overall in an uptrend, and during the pullback, both of the indicators were showing the oversold signals, and the reversal at the oversold area was a great sign to go long. When both oscillators indicate the same sign, there is no point in going for more significant stops. When both oscillators gave the reversal signal at the significant resistance level, that’s a perfect time to close your trade.

Conclusion

All the pullback strategies share the same goal, which is to time the market. The better you master the skill of timing before the take-off, the more profits you will make. If you are a newbie trader, then master these strategies first on the demo and then apply to the live market because trying any of these strategies in the live market is dangerous without having any experience.

So never try anything on the live account. Instead, practice them on demo first and then make a profit on a live account. When you master these strategies, then you can very easily design a pullback strategy for yourself. Whichever strategy fits nicely into your trading approach, master it.

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

US 10-Year TIPS Auction – Everything About This Macro Economic Indicator

Introduction

For any long-term investment, taking the future rate of inflation into account is paramount. The reason for this is because inflation eats into the expected returns. Thus, if you could find a way to insulate your investments from this, you most definitely will. The goal of any inflation-protected investment is to ensure that you are cushioned from the reduction in the purchasing power.

Understanding the US 10-Year TIPS Auction

TIPS refers to Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities. As the name suggests, these are US government-issued securities meant to provide investors with protection against the effects of inflation.

US 10-Year TIPS are Inflation-Protected treasury bonds issued by the US Department of the Treasury. The principal on these bonds is meant to finance spending activities by the US government and is redeemable after ten years.

TIPS auction refers to the sale of the inflation-protected treasury bonds by the US Department of Treasury. Originally, the 10-Year US TIPS are auctioned twice a year – in January and July. The reopening auctions are done in March, May, September, and November. Thus, these auctions are scheduled every two months.

Discount rate: The percentage difference between the price at which the TIPS is bought at auction and the one at which it can be redeemed.

Maturity: For the US Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, the maturity period refers to the maximum time an investor can hold the bonds before redemption. These bonds are usually issued with a maturity period of 5, 10, and 30 years from the auction date. Usually, the minimum duration of ownership is 45 days. Therefore, one can choose to sell their TIPS before maturity or hold them until maturity.

How to Buy TIPS

TIPS can only be bought in electronic form. The minimum amount of TIPS one can purchase is $100 and increments of $100 after that. The maximum amount that a bidder can purchase in a single auction is $5 million. During the auction, the interest rate on the TIPS is determined by the competitive buyers.

The competitive bidders usually specify the yield that they are willing to accept. The competitive bidders for TIPS are large buyers such as brokerage firms, investment firms, and banks. The competitive bidders set the yield for the TIPS, which requires one to have an in-depth knowledge of the money markets. Competitive bidders are required to submit the number of TIPS they intend to buy and the return on investment they seek. This return is the discount rate.

Not all competitive bids are accepted at the auction. When the competitive bid is equal to the high yield, less than the full amount wanted by an investor might be accepted. The bid might be entirely rejected if it is higher than the yield accepted during the auction. The non-competitive bidders are regarded as “takers” of the yield set by the winning competitive bidders.

Once the bidding process is over, the treasury distributes the issuance. Let’s say, for example, that in an auction, the US Department of Treasury is auctioning $20 billion worth of TIPS. If the non-competitive bids are worth $5 billion, they are all accepted. The remaining $15 billion is then distributed among the competitive bidders. The lower competitive bids are filled first until the $15 billion is exhausted.

Using the US 10-Year TIPS Auction for Analysis

Since the TIPS’s primary goal is to safeguard against the effects of inflation, the interest rate paid on them can be used as an indicator of possible inflation rates in the future.

Before we explain how the US 10-year TIPS auctions can be used for analysis, here are two things you need to keep in mind.

  • TIPS’s interest rate is paid semi-annually at a fixed rate, which is usually based on the adjusted principal.
  • Whenever inflation rises, the interest rate rises, and when there is deflation, the interest rate drops.

Once TIPS have been auctioned and traded in the secondary market, when inflation in the economy rises, the principal on TIPS increases as well. Thus, the interest rate payable on these TIPS increases as well. During the TIPS’ subsequent issues, the interest rate payable will reflect the prevailing rate of inflation. Furthermore, the discount rate set at the auctions can be used to gauge the level of confidence that investors have in the US economy. The lower discount rate shows that the current investment atmosphere in the economy is risky; hence, investors are willing to take lower returns than risk losing their principal in other markets.

On the other hand, when investors can get better returns in other markets within the economy, they would demand a higher discount rate. Furthermore, when there is deflation in the economy, the principal on the TIPS falls along with the interest rates payable.

Impact on Currency

Theoretically, the auction of the US 10-year TIPS can impact the currency in two ways. By showing the confidence level in the economy and by showing the prevailing rates of inflation.

When the interest rate payable on the TIPS increases, it shows that the levels are increasing. This increase shows that the economy is growing, which is good for the currency. Furthermore, the higher discount rate at auctions implies that investors can get better rates elsewhere in the economy.

Conversely, the currency will depreciate relative to others when TIPS’s interest rate decreases, which implies that there is deflation in the economy. This instance can also play out if discount rates at the auction are at historical lows. It shows that the economy is performing poorly and that investors may not get better returns elsewhere.

Sources of Data

US Department of Treasury is responsible for the auction of the US 10-year TIPS. The data of the latest TIPS auction can be accessed from Treasury Direct. Treasury Direct also publishes data on the upcoming TIPS auction, which can be accessed here.

St. Louis FRED publishes an in-depth series of the US 10-year TIPS.

Source: St. Louis FRED

How US 10-Year TIPS Auction Affects the Forex Price Charts

The most recent auction of the US 10-year TIPS was on September 17, 2020, at 1.00 PM EST. The data on the auction can be accessed at Investing.com. The US 10-Year TIPS auction is expected to have a low impact on the USD, as shown by the screengrab below.

During the recent auction, the rate for the 10-year TIPS was -0.996% compared to -0.930% on the July auction.

Let’s see what impact this release had on the USD.

EUR/USD: Before US 10-Year TIPS Auction on September 17, 2020, 
Just Before 1.00 PM EST  

Before the auction, the EUR/USD pair went from trading in a steady uptrend to a subdued uptrend. The 20-period MA can be seen going from a steep rise to almost flattening as the candles formed just above it.

EUR/USD: After US 10-Year TIPS Auction on September 17, 2020, at 1.00 PM EST

Immediately after the release of the auction data, the pair formed a 5-minute “Doji” candle. Subsequently, the EUR/USD pair continued to trade in the subdued uptrend with candles forming just above an almost flattened 20-period MA.

Bottom Line

From these analyses, we can establish that the US 10-year tips auction has no significant impact on the forex price charts. The reason for this could be because most forex traders do not keep an eye on bond auctions but instead focus on more mainstream indicators like the CPI and GDP.

Categories
Forex Course

177. Simple Guide To Find the ‘Commitment of Traders’ Report

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The previous lesson covered what the Commitment of Traders report is. In this lesson, we will focus on how and where you can retrieve the COT report. The COT report is prepared and published every Friday at 3.30 PM ET by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission. However, you can access the latest report and those from previous issues at the CFTC website.

The CFTC publishes beforehand the release schedule for the COT report. This schedule can be accessed here. The commission also keeps an archive of all past reports. The historical Commitment of Traders reports can be accessed here.

For forex traders, reading through the COT report might seem cumbersome. If you are interested in trading the forex market using the COT report, some economic calendars make available relevant snippets of select speculative net positions from the report. Below is a screenshot from Investing.com showing the latest release of the COT report on September 18, 2020, at 3.30 PM ET.

If you are interested in an in-depth review of the latest Commitment of Traders report, below is a step by step procedure of how to access it.

Step 1: to view the latest COT report, go to the CFTC website.

Step 2: After accessing the CFTC website, the next step is to find the right report for the forex market. The CFTC published multiple Commitment of Traders reports. These reports include markets other than the Chicago Mercantile Exchange that also contain other non-futures derivative contracts.

The COT report that has data on the forex market is the ‘Current Legacy Reports.’ Under the ‘Current Legacy Reports,’ select the formats belonging to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.  Below is a screengrab of the from the CFTC website.

To access the COT report, select ‘Short Format’ under the ‘Futures Only’ tab.

Alternatively, if you want a more comprehensive report on the future positioning of traders in the financial sector, you should look at the ‘Current Traders in Financial Futures Report.’ Below is a screengrab from the CFTC website showing this section.

Step 3: After opening the ‘ Short Format’ of Chicago Mercantile Exchange section of the COT, the next step is to identify which currency you are interested in.

Although it looks disorganized, searching through the report is relatively easy. Use the ‘search function’ of your browser to bring up the ‘search box.’ Type the currency you want to analyze. In this case, we searched for the CAD. The search results will appear, as shown in the screengrab below.

I hope you found this guide informative. Please let us know if you have any questions in the comments below. Don’t forget to take the below quiz before you go. Cheers!

[wp_quiz id=”89672″]
Categories
Forex Assets

Analysing The Costs Involved While Trading The AUD/MXN Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In this exotic forex pair, the AUD represents the Australian dollar, while the MXN – the Mexican Peso. Exotic currency pairs have higher volatility in the forex market when compared to the other major pairs. Here, AUD is the base currency, where MXN is the quote currency. It means that the AUD/MXN exchange rate shows the amount that 1 AUD can buy in terms of MXN. Let’s say that the exchange rate for the AUD/MXN is 15.0346; it means that 1 AUD can be exchanged for 15.0346 MXN.

AUD/HUF Specification

Spread

When you go long in the forex market, you buy the currency pair from your broker at a higher price than when you sell it. The spread in forex is the difference between these two. The spread for the AUD/MXN pair is – ECN: 2 pips | STP: 7 pips

Fees

Some forex brokers charge a commission for every trade on ECN type accounts, depending on the value of the trade. STP accounts do not incur any trading fees.

Slippage

Sometimes when you place a market order, your broker will fill it in with a different price. This is slippage in forex trading; it is caused by increased volatility and the speed at which your broker executes the trade.

Trading Range in the AUD/MXN Pair

The trading range analyzes the spread between the highest and the lowest price movements across multiple timeframes. The trading range analysis ranges from the minimum, average, to the maximum volatility across all timeframes. It is used to assess the potential profitability of a currency pair across all timeframes.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/MXN Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

Further analysis of profitability can be aided by analyzing the percentage of the total cost to the volatility. These costs are put in terms of percentages of the volatility on all timeframes.

ECN Model Account costs

Spread = 2 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1 | Total cost = 5

STP Model Account

Spread = 7 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0 | Total cost = 9

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade  AUD/MXN Pair

For the AUD/MXN pair, the ideal trading timeframe appears to be the longer timeframes since trading costs are at their lowest here. We notice that the trading costs for the AUD/MXN pair decrease as the timeframes become longer. Also, note that at longer timeframes, the volatility is higher.

For traders wishing to trade the AUD/MXN pair for the shorter-term, timing their trades with when the volatility increases towards the maximum can help. More so, adopting the use of forex limit orders will lower the trading costs by ensuring there are no slippages.

ECN Account Using Limit Model Account

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3

Notice how using the forex limit order types reduces the overall trading costs across all timeframes. The maximum trading cost of the AUD/MXN pair, for instance, decreased from 84.75% of the trading range to 50.85%.

Categories
Forex Basic Strategies Forex Daily Topic

Trading The Forex Market Like A Pro Using The Williams %R Indicator

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In the forex market, the Relative Strength Index (RSI) is the most sought after technical indicator for measuring overbought and oversold conditions in the market. However, there are times when RSI can give misleading signals. To overcome some of these limitations of RSI, we use William’s %R (Williams Percentage Range) to help us identify when an asset is oversold or overbought.

Having determined that the asset has moved too much in one direction, we can position ourselves on the other side of the market after suitable confirmation. In today’s article, let’s discuss a strategy based on William’s %R indicator to identify when the market has become overbought or oversold. Let us first get into the specifications of the strategy.

Time Frame

The strategy works well on higher time frames such as ‘Weekly’ and ‘Daily.’ Therefore, the strategy is suitable for swing and long-term traders.

Indicators

We use the following indicators in the strategy:

  • William’s %R
  • Simple Moving Average (standard setting)

Currency Pairs

The strategy applies to all currency pairs listed on the broker’s platform, including major, minor, and exotic pairs. This is one of the distinguishing features of the strategy.

Strategy Concept

The William’s %R indicator usually ranges between 0 to -100, where a reading of 0 to -20 tells us that the asset is overbought. On the other hand, if %R falls in the range of -80 and -100, the asset is said to be oversold. As with other technical indicators, %R generates accurate trading signals when used in conjunction with other analytical tools such as chart patterns and systems.

Just because an asset may appear overbought and oversold based on the %R, this doesn’t necessarily mean that the price will reverse. Hence, we include a few concepts of the chart pattern and price action to confirm that the reversal is real. The more we wait, the higher the confirmation. But this reduces the risk-to-reward (RR) ratio moderately. This depends more on the type of trader if he is more conservative or aggressive.

In the strategy, we firstly establish a trend that is mostly in the overbought or oversold situation. This means William’s %R should indicate an overbought situation of the market for a major part of the trend during an uptrend. On the other hand, in a downtrend, William’s %R should indicate an oversold market situation for a major part of the trend. When the trend remains in the overbought or oversold condition for most of the time, the reversal tends to be sharp in nature.

This is why the above condition is important for the strategy. Next, we wait for the ‘Bullish Engulfing’ pattern to appear on the price chart, in a reversal of a downtrend. Likewise, in a reversal of an uptrend, we wait for the ‘Bearish Engulfing’ pattern to appear on the chart. This is the first sign of reversal. The reversal is confirmed when the price starts moving above the moving average, in a downtrend, and below the moving average, in an uptrend.

Stop-loss for the trade will be placed below the ‘engulfing’ pattern in a ‘long’ position and above the ‘engulfing’ pattern in a ‘short’ position.

Trade Setup

In order to explain the strategy, we will be executing a ‘long’ trade in EUR/USD currency pair using the below-mentioned rules. Here are the steps to execute the strategy.

Step 1: The first step of the strategy is to identify the major trend of the trend. An easy to determine trend is if the price is below the simple moving average, the market is in a downtrend, and if the price is above the simple moving average, the market is in an uptrend. Here we need to make sure that William’s %R indicates an overbought/oversold market situation for the major part of the trend.

The below image shows an example of a downtrend that is oversold.

Step 2: The next step is to wait for the market to present the ‘Engulfing’ pattern on the chart. In a downtrend, the ‘Bullish Engulfing’ pattern indicates a reversal of the trend, while in an uptrend, the ‘Bearish Engulfing’ pattern indicates a reversal of the trend. If the second of the engulfing pattern closes above the MA in a reversal of the downtrend, the reversal will be more prominent. Similarly, if the second candle closes below the MA in a reversal of the uptrend, the reversal can be resilient.

Step 3: The rule of entering the trade is fairly simple. We enter ‘long’ when the price starts moving further above the moving average after the occurrence of an ‘engulfing’ pattern. Similarly, we enter ‘short’ when the price starts moving further below the moving average after the occurrence of the ‘engulfing’ pattern.

Step 4: Lastly, we need to determine the stop-loss and take-profit for the trade. In a ‘long’ position, stop-loss is placed below the ‘Bullish Engulfing’ pattern. In a ‘short’ position, it is placed above the ‘Bearish Engulfing’ pattern. The take-profit is set at a point where the resultant risk-to-reward (RR) ratio of the trade will be 1.5. However, partial profits can be taken at the opposing ‘support’ and ‘resistance’ levels that might be a hurdle for the price.

In our example, the risk-to-reward (RR) ratio of 1.5 was achieved after a period of one month since traded on the ‘Daily’ time frame.

Strategy Roundup

William’s %R is a very powerful indicator that helps us identify opportunities during a reversal phase of the market. It is important to note that %R should never be used in isolation. Combining the %R indicator with chart pattern, price action, and market trend gives us an edge in the market, which is difficult to get when applied individually. Trade executed using the above strategy can longer than expected to give desirable results since it is based on a higher time frame.

Categories
Forex Signals

Trend Pullback On CAD/CHF Pair

Categories
Forex Assets

Trading The AUD/TRY Forex Exotic Currency Pair and Analysing The Costs Involved

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

AUD/TRY is an exotic currency pair in the forex market. The AUD is the short form of the Australian Dollar and the TRY for Turkish Lira. Forex traders interested in such exotic pairs should be aware that trading them comes with high volatility compared to trading major forex pairs. In this exotic currency pair, the AUD is the base currency, while the TRY is the quote currency. Thus, the AUD/TRY price represents the amount of TRY that 1 AUD can buy. For instance, if the AUD/TRY pair’s price is 5.8362, it means that 1 AUD can buy 5.8362 TRY.

AUD/TRY Specification

Spread

In the forex market, your broker sells a currency pair to you at a higher price and buys it from you at a lower price. The value difference between these two prices is the spread. It is the primary way in which forex brokers earn their revenue.

The spread for the AUD/TRY pair is – ECN: 3 pips | STP: 8 pips

Fees

Forex traders with ECN account normally pay a trading fee to their broker whenever they open a position. This commission depends on the size of the trade, and not all forex brokers levy it. STP accounts do not have commissions.

Slippage

In forex trading, slippage refers to the price you expect your market order to be filled at and the price at which it is executed. The difference is a result of delays by your forex broker or high volatility.

Trading Range in the AUD/TRY Pair

The trading range refers to the analysis of the price fluctuation of a currency pair across various timeframes. The trading range shows the volatility in pips for a currency pair throughout the trading period ranging from minimum to maximum.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/TRY Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

After determining the trading range, we can then determine the trading costs associated with these trading ranges. The total trading cost is expressed as a percentage of the pip volatility. Here are the trading costs for the AUD/TRY pair on both ECN and STP accounts.

ECN Model Account costs

Spread = 3 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1

Total cost = 6

STP Model Account

Spread = 8 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0

Total cost = 10

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade  AUD/TRY Pair

From these analyses, we have established that longer timeframes have lower trading costs while the shorter timeframes attract higher trading costs. Note that the highest trading costs coincide with periods of lower volatility.

Therefore, the ideal timeframe to trade the AUD/TRY pair would be on longer timeframes when volatility is the highest. For shorter-term traders, opening positions when volatility is above the average can potentially lower the trading costs. Furthermore, traders across all timeframes can lower their trading costs by using the forex limit order types. With these types of orders, the cost of slippage is removed.

Below is an example using the ECN account.

ECN Account Using Limit Model Account

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee

= 0 + 3 + 1 = 4

Using the forex limit order types has lowered the trading costs across all timeframes. You can notice that the highest cost has reduced from 101.69% to 67.8%.

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

Everything About ‘Germany Ifo Business Climate Index’ Forex Fundamental Indicator

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Although government expenditures play an important role in the economy, investments by the private sector can be said to be the backbone of any economy. Therefore, when the private sector businesses have a rosy outlook on the economy, it can be expected that they will increase their investments. For governments, economists, financial analysts, and forex traders, tracking investors’ expectations can help understand and even predict the future economy.

Understanding Germany Ifo Business Climate Index

The Ifo business climate index is used to rate the current business climate in Germany and also rates the expectations of businesses for the next six months. Thus, we can say that the Ifo Business Climate is a leading indicator of economic development in Germany.

Source: Ifo Institute

Since Germany is the largest economy in the Euro area, this index plays a vital role in influencing the E.U’s overall economic activity.

Calculating the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index

The Ifo Institute for Economic Research conducts a monthly survey of about 9000 businesses operating in Germany. The businesses operate in the construction, wholesaling and retailing, manufacturing, and service sectors – i.e., the survey covers the entirety of the German economy.

In the survey, the respondents are required to give their assessments of the current business environment and what they expect over the coming six months. In their responses, they can say that the current business environment is “good,” “satisfactorily,” or “poor.” For their expectations, they can respond as either “more favorable,” “unchanged,” or “more unfavorable.”

The Ifo then weighs these responses. The weight attached is based on the importance of the industry’s contribution to the overall economy. Their importance is gauged by the percentage of employees they have and their contribution to the GDP.

The balance in the current business situation is determined by the difference between the percentage of “good” and “poor” responses. Similarly, the balance business expectations are the difference between the percentage of the “more favorable” and “more unfavorable” responses. The business climate is calculated by taking the average of the balances of the current business situation and the expectations.

The Ifo index is seasonally adjusted to ensure that some of the recurring patterns are eliminated from the time series. To seasonally adjust the data, the Ifo Institute employs the X-13ARIMA-SEATS procedure developed by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Using the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index in Analysis

There are several ways in which this index can be used to show how the German economy is progressing.

When the index increases over time, it shows that the businesses are more inclined to increase their capital expenditure and investments in various projects in the economy. In doing so, they effectively ensure that the economic output will increase, which leads to higher GDP. Similarly, an increase in investments into economic projects and capital expenditures leads to an increase in production activities, which leads to higher employment levels.

Therefore, we can say that when the Ifo business climate index increases, it is expected that the rate of unemployment will reduce. Conversely, the rate of unemployment should be expected to rise when the Ifo business climate index drops. This is because the drop in the index implies that businesses expect business conditions will be more favorable. They will be prompted to cut back on investments and scale down core operations to mitigate losses. The resultant effect is lower levels of GDP and a higher unemployment rate.

Over the long term, the Ifo business climate index may be used to show the trends in business cycles and even used to predict recessions and economic recoveries. One of the primary drivers of any business is profiteering, which comes from their products’ demand. When businesses anticipate the demand to fall, their expectations are “more unfavorable.”

We know that the aggregate demand depends on the households’ demand. Therefore, when the demand is expected to fall, households are expected to have lesser disposable income, which could result from low wages and prevalent job losses; these are characteristics of a contraction. Therefore, when the Ifo business climate is continuously dropping, we can expect that the economy might go through bouts of recession.

On the other hand, if the Ifo business climate is steadily rising, it shows that the economy will undergo a steady period of expansion. This expansion comes from the fact that businesses will expect the demand for their goods and services to increase. This instance implies that households have more disposable income, which means wages have increased or employment increased.

Furthermore, when the economy has been through depression or recession, an improvement in the Ifo business climate index shows that the future is “more favorable.” It means that businesses do not expect the ongoing stage of recessions or depression to persist into the future. These expectations imply that businesses expect to increase their investments, a clear sign of economic recoveries.

 

Source: Ifo Institute

Impact of Germany Ifo Business Climate Index on the Euro

Germany is the largest economy in the E.U.; therefore, its economic outlook is bound to significantly impact the Euro since the EUR fluctuates depending on the economic performance of its member countries.

When the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index rises, it means that the German economy is expected to grow. Furthermore, the benefits of the resultant expansion of business operations in Germany might spill over to other countries in the E.U. in terms of job creation. As a result, the EUR will appreciate relative to other currencies.

Conversely, the EUR is expected to depreciate relative to other currencies when the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index continually drops. This drop signifies a potential contraction of the German economy, which may affect other EU-member countries.

Sources of Data

The Ifo Institute for Economic Research is responsible for conducting the surveys, aggregating data, and publishing the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index. Trading Economics has a historical time-series data of the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index.

How Germany Ifo Business Climate Index Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

The Ifo Institute for Economic Research published the latest business climate index on September 24, 2020, at 8.00 AM GMT. The release can be accessed at Investing.com. From the screengrab below, we can see that the German Ifo business climate index is a high-impact indicator.

In September 2020, the German Ifo business climate index was 93.4, lower than the analysts’ expectation of 93.8.

Let’s see how this lower than expected release impacted the EUR/GBP price action.

EUR/GBP: Before Germany Ifo Business Climate Index Release on 
September 24, 2020, just before 8.00 AM GMT

Before the release of the index, the EURGBP pair was trading in a weak uptrend. The 20-period M.A. was almost flattening. They adopted a weak downtrend moment before the release.

EUR/GBP: After Germany Ifo Business Climate Index Release on 
September 24, 2020, at 8.00 AM GMT

After the release of the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index, the pair formed a 15-minute bullish candle but adopted a strong downtrend afterward. The 20-period M.A. steeply fell with candles forming further below it. This trend shows that the EUR weakened against the GBP since the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index was weaker than expected.

As shown by the above analyses, the Germany Ifo Business Climate Index has a significant impact on forex price actions.

Categories
Forex Course Forex Daily Topic

176. Introduction To The Commitment of Traders Report (CoT)

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In the previous lesson, we discussed market sentiment in Forex. Since you already know how the sentiment comes along, in this lesson, we will discuss how the forex market sentiment is measured.

What is the Commitment of Traders Report?

The commitment of traders (COT) report is how you measure forex market sentiment. One of the primary determinants of market sentiment in forex is the demand for a currency. The COT report tracks how commercial and non-commercial traders are positioned in the forex market.

As the name suggests, the COT report gives data about commitments made by big players in the forex market to conduct future trades. The report shows the totality of futures and options contacts in the forex market, which have not yet been settled. Thus, these future transactions can impact the price movement of the currency pairs in the spot market where most retail traders participate.

How does the Commitment of Traders Report work?

The COT report is published by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The publication is released every Friday at 3.30 PM ET. This report shows the total outstanding open positions in the forex futures market as of Tuesday of that week. The data in the COT report includes futures of the major currencies and most of the minor currencies.

According to the CFTC, the COT report is a breakdown of the futures and options market positioning of at least 20 traders. These are traders whose futures and options positions in the forex market are above or equal to the reporting levels set by the CFTC. In our subsequent lessons, we will further explain the type of traders included in the COT reports and the reporting levels.

It is worth noting that the majority of the transactions in the interbank forex market are private and are not made public. For this reason, the retail traders do not have a lot of knowledge about the significant transactions that occur daily in the forex market. Therefore, the COT reports play a significant role in publicizing the futures positioning in the forex market.

Conclusion

The forex market portion of the COT report shows the totality of the long and short futures position adopted by traders. These are speculative traders; whose primary objective is to anticipate future price changes and place their bets regarding a currency. Therefore, monitoring how these market players have positioned their future trades might increase your analysis of future trends in the forex market.

[wp_quiz id=”89646″]
Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

The Impact Of The ‘US Redbook’ News Release On The Forex Market

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The growth in any economy is primarily driven by the growth of retail sales to households. For this reason, monitoring retail sales data can be the most suitable way of gauging if the economy is expanding or not. In most national retail sales data, the data is collected through surveys. However, having an index solely based on the growth of same-store sales can help provide a more accurate sense of growth in the retail industry.

Understanding US Redbook

Redbook Research Inc. is an American company primarily dealing with market research on the momentum of retail sales, macro and quantitative analysis, and consumer demand factors in public and private retail sectors. The company publishes the Johnson Redbook Retail Sales Index, also known as the US Redbook, which is considered one of the most respected proprietary indicators on retail sales in the US.

The Redbook index measures the growth in the US retail sector. The index uses a sales-weighted of the year-over-year growth in sales of the same store. About 9000 large general merchandise stores primarily operating in the US retail sector are sampled. When these sampled stores’ monetary value is measured, their combined output accounts for about 80% of the national retail sales. Note that in the US, the official government retail sales data is compiled and released by the Department of Commerce.

The Redbook index is published weekly. In this publication, the report extensively analyses and explains the current trends in retail sales and the economy. Since households’ demand is highly elastic, the weekly US Redbook publication can capture the most recent trends in consumer demand. Thus, the Johnson Redbook Retail Sales Index provides advance data on the trends in retail sales in the US.

In this report, the comprehensive analysis covers the sales in the current month, the quarterly sales, year-on-year and annual sales, company rankings, and data on historical sales. The 9000 retailers are categorized into; Apparel Specialty, Sporting Goods, Home Improvement, Home Furnishings, Books, Toy & Hobby, Department, Discount, Footwear, Furniture, Drug, Electronic, Jewellery, and Miscellaneous.

Using US Redbook in Analysis

We have already established that the US Redbook’s retail index provides a comprehensive and advance trend in household consumption patterns.

When the weekly US Redbook retail index increases, it means that households’ consumption is on the rise. At its core, higher levels of consumption are driven by increased disposable income in the economy. An increase in household consumption means that there is a general increase in demand in the economy. When households’ demand increases, it could mean that the economy’s unemployment levels have reduced. Since more people are gainfully employed, there is increased disposable income for households, hence the increase in consumption represented by the rise in the Redbook index. Similarly, it could also mean that wages received by households are increasing, which increases disposable income.

Conversely, when the weekly Redbook retail index drops, it means that households have reduced disposable income. The reduction in disposable income could directly result from increasing levels of unemployment or a reduction in wages received by households. With less disposable income, people will be forced to cut back on their consumption. In both these cases, the US Redbook retail index increase implies that the economy is expanding; conversely, a drop in the index shows that the economy is contracting.

Source: Trading Economics

The US Redbook retail index can also be used as a precursor to economic recessions and recoveries. We already know that the majority of growth in the economy is driven by consumer demand. It is estimated that household consumption accounts for up to 70% of economic growth. Now, picture this. When the consumer demand is consistently dropping, suffice to say the GDP should also be expected to drop significantly. This period will be marked by a reduction in production and increased unemployment levels. Note that recession is described as a consistent drop in GDP for two successive quarters.

Source: St. Louis FRED

At the onset of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, the weekly US Redbook retail index continuously dropped. From the period between March to May, the index dropped steadily. This period coincided with a drop in the US GDP. Due to the nationwide imposed lockdowns and social distancing rules, unemployment surged to historic highs of 14.7%. Naturally, demand in the economy was depressed.

In times of recessions, the US Redbook retail index can be handy in changes in household consumption. Policymakers can implement several expansionary policies meant to stimulate the economy. Since the official government retail sales data is published monthly, the US Redbook can be used to show any immediate response by households. The US Redbook index can therefore be used to show if the expansionary policies are working as they are expected to. One such instance can be seen after the US government implemented the 2020 stimulus package worth $2 trillion. The US Redbook retail index can be seen to be rising from the lowest points of May 2020.

Impact of US Redbook on USD

When the US Redbook retail index increases, we can expect the USD to appreciate relative to other currencies in the Forex market. A consistently rising index implies that the economy is steadily expanding, the unemployment rate is falling, and there is a general increase in money in the economy. In such a situation, governments and central banks might step in with contractionary fiscal and monetary policies. These policies are meant to prevent the economy from overheating and avoid unsustainable inflation levels due to the increase in the money supply. Such policies make domestic currency appreciate.

Conversely, a dropping US Redbook retail index shows that the general economy might be contracting. Consequently, expansionary fiscal and monetary policies like lowering interest rates might be implemented to stimulate the economy. Such policies make the domestic depreciate relative to others.

Sources of Data

Redbook Research Inc. published the weekly, monthly, and annual US Redbook Retail Sales Index. In-depth and historical data on the US Redbook Index is available at Trading Economics.

How US Redbook Index Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

Redbook Research Inc. published Retail Sales Index the latest data on October 20, 2020, at 8.55 AM EST. The news release can be accessed at Investing.com. This release is expected to have a low impact on the USD.

The MoM index increased by 1.0% in the latest publication compared to 0.4% in the previous reading. Similarly, the YoY index showed an increase of 2.5% compared to the previous 1.2%.

Let’s find out if this release has an impact on the USD.

EUR/USD: Before US Redbook Release on October 20, 2020, just before 8.55 AM EST

Before the release of the US Redbook data, the EUR/USD pair was trading in an almost neutral trend. The 20-period MA is seen to be flattening with candles forming just around it.

EUR/USD: After US Redbook Release on October 20, 2020, at 8.55 AM EST

The EUR/USD pair formed a 5-minute bearish candle immediately after the publication of the US Redbook report. Subsequently, the pair continued trading in the earlier observed subdued uptrend.

Bottom Line

This article has established that the US Redbook report is a crucial leading indicator of retail sales and consumer demand. However, in the forex market, its significance is diminished since most traders pay close attention to the US Department of Commerce’s monthly retail sales data.

Categories
Forex Assets

Exploring The Costs Involved While Trading The AUD/HUF Forex Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The AUD/HUF pair is an exotic forex pair with the AUD representing the Australian Dollar and the HUF representing the Hungarian Forint. When trading in such an exotic currency pair, forex traders should anticipate higher volatility. The base currency in this pair is the AUD, while the HUF is the quote currency. Hence, the exchange rate of the AUD/HUF represents the amount of HUF that a single AUD can purchase. If the exchange rate of AUD/HUF is 221.51, it means that you can buy 221.51 HUF using 1 AUD.

AUD/HUF Specification

Spread

One of the ways forex brokers earn their revenue is through the spread. This is the difference in value between the price they sell a currency pair to you and the price at which they buy the same pair from you.

The spread for the AUD/HUF pair is – ECN: 22 pips | STP: 27 pips

Fees

For traders with the ECN account, they get charged a fee for opening positions. Note that not all brokers charge this commission. Forex brokers do not charge a fee on STP accounts.

Slippage

Every forex broker has different execution speeds. In times of high volatility, your order may be executed at a price other than the one you requested. This difference is slippage.

Trading Range in the AUD/HUF Pair

The trading range in forex trading is used to analyse the fluctuation in the price of a currency pair across multiple timeframes. The volatility, as measured with the trading range, is pips from the minimum, average, to the maximum for all timeframes. With this information, you can deduce the most profitable timeframes to trade.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/HUF Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

Now that we’ve established the volatility,  we can proceed to calculate the trading costs incurred when trading these timeframes. The trading cost is expressed as a percentage of total costs to the volatility.

Below are the trading costs of the AUD/HUF pair for both ECN and STP accounts.

ECN Model Account costs

Spread = 22 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1

Total cost = 25

STP Model Account

Spread = 27 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0

Total cost = 29

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade  AUD/HUF Pair

From the above analyses, we can see that the trading cost of the AUD/HUF pair decreases with an increase in volatility. Since the volatility also increases with the timeframe, trading the AUD/HUF over longer timeframes incurs lower costs.

Although the lower timeframes have higher trading costs, these costs can be reduced by timing trades when volatility approaches the maximum. Furthermore, slippage costs can be avoided if traders use forex limit order types. With the forex limit orders, trades are executed at precise price points, avoiding the impact of slippage. Let’s look at an example of this using the ECN account.

ECN Account Using Limit Model Account

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee

= 0 + 22 + 1 = 23

Notice that the trading costs have been reduced in all timeframes. For example, the highest cost has been lowered from 423.73% to 389.83%.

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Forex Course

175. Understanding ‘Market Sentiment’ In The Forex Market

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

By now, you have come across terms like bear markets, bull markets, and neutral markets. At their core, these terms represent market sentiment. In this lesson, we will learn about market sentiment in forex and what brings it about.

What Is Market Sentiment?

Forex traders execute their trades based on how they think the market will move. If you are a forex trader, for whatever your reasons, you must have thought at some point, “…I think the price for the GBP/USD will rise, let me go long on the pair.” This decision was your sentiment about that particular currency pair. By making that trade, you have expressed your sentiment about the currency pair.

However, not every other forex trader would have agreed with you that the price for the GBP/USD would rise. Some forex traders thought the pair would fall and go short. Hence, at any given moment, some traders will hold the assertion that a given currency pair will rise while others claim that the pair will drop. Therefore, at any given moment, there will always be traders favoring going either long or short. Those who are in the majority form the market sentiment.

Therefore, market sentiment is the overall belief of the majority of traders. In the forex market, the market sentiment is the dominant consensus by active traders about a particular currency.

Types of Forex Market Sentiment

Bullish market sentiment occurs when most traders believe that the price for a particular currency pair will rise, and they go long.

Bearish market sentiment occurs when more forex traders short a currency pair because they believe that the price will fall.

Neutral market sentiment occurs when an equal number of traders are going long and short on the same currency pair.

What brings about market sentiment in forex?

In the forex market, sentiments express the outlook of traders about a particular currency or currency pair. Thus, the two main drivers of market sentiment in the forex markets are geopolitical developments and fundamental economic indicators.

Geopolitics

Unexpected political events may impact the future of a country’s economic prospects. In the current climate, some of the significant geopolitical developments that affect market sentiment in forex include; Brexit, the Sino-American trade war, and the 2020 US presidential elections.

Let’s look at Brexit, for instance. In September 2020, there has been increased pessimism about Brexit negotiations with the UK threatening not to honor an earlier agreement with the EU. To forex traders, this increases the chance that the UK will not secure favorable trade deals and also ruin its reputation globally. Since this poses a risk for the UK economy, market sentiment was bearish on the GBP.

Fundamental Economic Indicators

These indicators show how the economy has fared. They show if the economic condition of a country has been growing, stagnating, or worsening. Forex traders base their market sentiments by making their judgments about the economy’s future, depending on how they interpret the publication of these indicators.

If an economic indicator, say unemployment rate, is better than what analysts predicted, it shows that the economy is expanding hence better prospects. When the fundamental indicators are positive, forex traders will adopt a bullish stance on that country’s currency. Conversely, negative fundamental data leads to a bearish sentiment on the currency.

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Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

What Is Long Government Bond Auction and What Should You Know About It?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Every government must finance its expenditures with a mixture of debt and revenue. Through debts, governments issue a mixture of short-term and long-term debt instruments to the public. When these debt instruments are being issued, they have an interest rate, one which government will pay the debt holders until maturity. For economists and financial market analysts, the interest rate paid can be used to analyze the government’s creditworthiness and the expected rate of inflation.

Understanding Long Term Bond Auction

A bond in finance is a fixed-income asset issued by an entity to borrow money from investors. Investors get to receive a fixed interest depending on the quantity they purchase. This fixed interest, called a coupon,  is usually paid at predetermined intervals until the bond reaches maturity.

Maturity is the duration in which an investor must hold the bond before they can redeem and get their principal back. It is the bond’s maturity that determines whether it is categorized as a short-term or long-term bond.

Long-term bonds are bonds that have maturities of more than one year.

On the other hand, long bonds are bonds with the longest possible maturity that the issuer can issue. For most governments, long bonds usually have a maturity of up to 30 years.

Long bond auction refers to when bond issuers offer the sale of long bonds to the public. It is at these actions where the rate is fixed. This rate is what bondholders will receive for holding the long bonds until maturity.

Bond yield is the return an investor can expect to receive from buying a bond. The bond yield usually comes into consideration when the bond starts trading in the secondary market. We will later see how this yield can be used for analysis.

Here is a list of long government bonds for the developed economies.

  • Austria 10-year bonds
  • The US 30-year bonds
  • Dutch 10-year bonds
  • Portugal 10-year bonds
  • Spain 50-year Obligation
  • France 30-year OAT
  • UK 30-year Treasury Gilts
  • Germany 30-year Bunds
  • Italy 30-year BTPs

The rate attached to these long bonds during auctions can tell us a lot about investor sentiment of these economies.

Using Government Long Bond Auction in Analysis

The rate ascribed to the bond at auction is what bondholders will expect to receive at predetermined intervals until maturity. Comparing this rate with the rates on past auctions, we can form an opinion about the debt situation of the country and the expected rate of inflation by the investors.

For investors, buying a bond is the equivalent of owning an asset that has a predetermined future cash flow. Since it is virtually unheard of for governments to default on interest rate payments or the repayment of principal upon maturity, long government bonds can be said to be risk-free. With this in mind, the only potential risk that bondholder faces is inflation. In fact, inflation has been called the “bond’s worst enemy.”

You see, a rise in inflation means that some percentage will erode the future purchasing power of money. This erosion of the value of future cash flows means that investors must demand a higher interest rate at long bond auctions. At the back of their minds, investors envision that the rate they demand at bond auctions must also include the expected inflation rate. Effectively, higher rates on bonds help mitigate the erosion in purchasing power of their future cash flows.

Source: St. Louis FRED

At the auction, the bond buyers would feel the need to bid for higher rates if they believe that the rate of inflation will remain relatively stable. In this scenario, they can be assured that the purchasing power of their expected cash flows won’t be eroded. So, what does long bind auction tell us about inflation? The rate at an auction will increase compared to the previous auction if investors believe that future inflation will rise. Conversely, the rate at the auction will decrease when investors hold the conviction that future inflation will remain relatively stable.

The other way government long bond auction can be used for analysis is by using the bond yield. For most economists and financial analysts, the yield is the most closely monitored aspect of a bond. The reason for this is because bond yield offers broad information about a country’s debt situation. Here’s the formula for calculation the bond yield.

Let’s use some simple calculations to illustrate how this works.

Say when the bond is being issued, it has a price of $1000 with an annual coupon payment of $50. Remember that the coupon payments are fixed and cannot change; investors can expect to receive this $50 until maturity.

In this case, the bond yield is 50/1000 * 100 = 5%

Now, imagine that the economic situation of a country is worsening, and it becomes increasingly indebted. In this case, the price of the bond will decrease, let’s say to $900, which means that the yield on the bond increases to 5.56%. Conversely, if the country’s economic performance improves, the bond prices will increase, meaning that the yield will fall. In our example, if the price increased to $1050, the yield will decrease to 4.76%.

Impact of Government Long Bond Auction on Currency

Using the yield on the long government bonds published during an auction, we can determine the economic performance. Therefore, when the yield increases, it means that economic performance in the country is worsening. To forex traders, this can be taken as a deep-seated economic contraction, which will make the domestic currency depreciate relative to others. On the other hand, if the yield falls during an auction, it could be considered a sign of economic prosperity. In this case, the domestic currency will appreciate.

Sources of Data

Globally, the central banks are responsible for auctioning long government bonds. Trading Economics has an exhaustive list of global government bonds and their yields. The United States Department of the Treasury, through TreasuryDirect, publishes the data on the US bond auctions.

How Government Long Bond Auction Affects The Forex Price Charts

The recent auction of the US 30-Year Bond was on October 8, 2020, at 1.00 PM EST and accessed at Investing.com. Low volatility is expected upon the release of the auction date.

In the October 8, 2020, auction, the yield on the US 30-year bond auction was 1.578% higher than the 1.473% of the previous auction.

Let’s see if this auction impacted the USD.

EUR/USD: Before Government Long Bond Auction on October 8, 2020, 
just before 1.00 PM EST

The EUR/USD pair was trading in a steady uptrend before releasing the US 30-Year Bond Auction yield. The 20-period MA can be seen rising with candles forming above it.

EUR/USD: After Government Long Bond Auction on October 8, 2020, at 1.00 PM EST

The pair formed a 5-minute bearish “hammer” candle immediately after the publication of the US 30-year bond yield. Subsequently, the pair traded in a subdued uptrend. The release of the data had no impact on the USD.

The auction of long government bonds serves a vital role in the economy. However, as we have observed in the above analyses, their impact on the forex market is not significant.

Categories
Crypto Guides

Will Audius be the Next Spotify?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Nowadays, advanced technology has made it possible for everyone to showcase their talent in front of the whole world without hassle. The Internet also provides you with a platform where you can gain fame and recognition within no time. For both these purposes, you just need three basic things: incomparable talent, correct stage, and proper strategy. While skill and strategy rely entirely on you, finding the right platform has become easy with Audius.

Don’t worry if you haven’t heard the name Audius before. We have collected all the information about this new title in the music industry. So you will be able to see how it can change your life. Let’s get into the details.

What Is Audius?

If you are aware of the concept of Ethereum, that runs the cryptocurrency Ether, it will be convenient for you to understand Audius. Ethereum has used its blockchain-based set up to provide this music streaming service to everyone in the world. Audius promotes its motto that states, “We give everyone the freedom to share and listen.”

Basically, Audius is a music streaming platform that runs on blockchain and provides ample opportunities to everyone who wishes to share their music with the world. This means it has eliminated the hassle and process of indulging with major labels and corporations for music production. Therefore, artists can share their music with their intended audience without any middlemen.

How Does Audius Work?

Audius seems to work the same way as Spotify or SoundCloud. A few steps involved in using this platform include:

Buying Tokens: There is a concept of Audius Tokens that both artists and listeners should be aware of. Being a user, you can either spend money to buy these tokens or earn them just by listening to the ads.

Spend and Listen: Once you have tokens in your wallet, you can use them to listen to your favorite music. For each song that you listen to, a fraction of a cent will get cut from the total amount.

That was from the perspective of the listeners. When we talk about the artists, they will get approximately 85% of the entire money earned on their music. This percentage is higher than almost all similar apps that offer a maximum of 70% cut.

The remaining 15% of the amount will be given to the following people:

  • Song host
  • Audius developers
  • Other associated people

What Is The Benefit Of Audius?

The primary benefit of Audius is that artists can conveniently showcase their talent to the world, while listeners can get a chance to explore more diverse music. However, this isn’t the only perk of this platform.

When we talk about the music industry, most artists often get stuck between corporations and big labels. Most of the earnings on music are taken by these middlemen, leaving a minimal cut for the artists. But with the help of Audius, they can get almost 85% of the total revenue generated by their song. Hence, they will get paid well for their efforts and talent.

All in all, Audius is an excellent initiative by Ethereum because it will be beneficial for both artists and listeners. So there won’t be any hassle or complications associated with producing some quality music.

Categories
Forex Assets

Costs Involved While Trading The AUD/PHP Forex Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In this exotic forex pair, the AUD is the Australian Dollar, and the PHP is the Philippine Peso. Note that trading with such exotic pairs is accompanied by periods of high volatility compared to major forex pairs. The AUD is the base currency, while the PHP is the quote currency. Therefore, in forex trading, the price of the AUD/PHP represents the amount of PHP you can purchase using 1AUD. Say that the price of AUD/PHP is 34.057. It means that with 1 AUD, you can buy 34.057 PHP.

AUD/PHP Specification

Spread

In the forex market, when going long, you buy a currency pair from the broker at a “bid” price. When you go short, you sell the currency pair to the broker at the “ask” price. The difference between the two prices is the spread.

The spread for the AUD/PHP pair is – ECN: 10 pips | STP: 15 pips

Fees

Forex traders using ECN type accounts get charged a trading fee by their brokers depending on the size of their position. STP type accounts rarely attract any trading fees from the brokers.

Slippage

If you have ever opened a trade during periods of increased volatility, you will notice that your order price differs from the execution price. This difference is slippage. It can also be caused when your broker is slow to execute your order.

Trading Range in the AUD/PHP Pair

The trading range refers to the analysis of the fluctuation of a currency pair over various timeframes. With the trading range, we can determine volatilities from minimum to the maximum across all timeframes. This information will be useful in deciding profitability across these timeframes.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/PHP Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

The percentage of the trading range is when we take the total costs associated with trading a particular pair and express it as a percentage of the volatility. Below are the percentage of the trading range for ECN and STP accounts.

ECN Model Account costs

Spread = 10 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1

Total cost = 13

STP Model Account

Spread = 15 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0

Total cost = 17

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade  AUD/PHP Pair

We can observe from the above analyses that longer timeframes produce higher volatilities. More so, as the volatility increases, the trading costs decrease. Therefore, shorter-term traders of the AUD/PHP pair experience higher trading costs than longer-term traders.

However, trading costs can be reduced if traders were to open their positions when the volatility is approaching the maximum. Notice that across all timeframes, the trading costs are lower when volatility changes towards the maximum. Furthermore, using forex limit order types can be used to lower trading costs. Such order types eliminate the slippage costs. Here’s a demonstration.

ECN Account Using Limit Model Account

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee

= 0 + 10 + 1 = 11

By getting rid of the slippage costs, we have effectively lowered trading costs across all timeframes.

Categories
Forex Course

174. Summary – Multiple Timeframe Analysis

Introduction  

Introduction  

Introduction  

This lesson is basically an overview of what we have covered so far in the Multiple Timeframe series. Multiple timeframe analysis in forex is observing the price action of a selected currency pair under different timeframes. Most forex brokers will provide you with several timeframes. These timeframes are categorized in minutes from 1-minute timeframe to 30-minute timeframe, hourly timeframes from 1-hour timeframe to 12-hour timeframe, the daily timeframe, weekly timeframe, and the 1-month timeframe.

Everything we learned so far!

As we discussed in our first lesson, multiple timeframe analysis involves using at least three timeframes to make a trade. A longer timeframe is used to establish the dominant market trend. Depending on your forex trading style, this dominant trend is used as the prevailing primary trend to anchor your trades. The rationale behind using the longer timeframe to establish the primary trend is because longer timeframes take long to be formed and are not susceptible to the micro fluctuations in price.

The dominant trend is broken down using a medium timeframe to establish the magnitude of the trend. Finally, a shorter timeframe is used as a trigger timeframe by finding the best points to enter and exit a trade. The most common technique of trading multiple timeframes in the forex market is trading three timeframes.

Trading multiple timeframes in forex, therefore, means using multiple timeframe analysis to inform your trading decision. The choice of timeframes used in your analysis entirely depends on the type of forex trader you are.

The table below summarises the type of forex trader and the preferred timeframes.

Note that the above table is merely a guideline. We recommend selecting your desired timeframes for analysis based on your trading style and comfort of analysis. Therefore, the best timeframes to trade in forex will depend on factors such as market volatility and your trading style.

Some of the importance of multiple timeframe analysis in forex include:

  • The ability to determine the magnitude and significance of economic indicators;
  • Identifying support and resistance levels which aid to execute various forex orders and in setting ‘take profit’ and ‘stop-loss’ levels;
  • Helps to identify market trends and their magnitude at a glance quickly; and
  • Helps in forex forecasting by eliminating the lagging effects of most technical forex indicators.
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Categories
Crypto Guides

What Should You Know About Bitcoin Miner Capitulation?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

If you have dealt with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, you must know how uncertain they can be. While they can make you a millionaire within a day, they can also snatch away all your money in a short period. People who mine their money in Bitcoin have to keep a close eye on these fluctuations and ensure they take themselves out while there is still time. The same may be happening with Bitcoin.

You may have heard the experts talk about Bitcoin Miner Capitulation. Some of those also try to explain the concept in their own words. However, there is still a major confusion around the term “Miner Capitulation.” If you also want to learn more about the concept, you have come to the right place. We have collected all the crucial information on the topic to understand what exactly is happening with Bitcoin. So let’s begin.

What Is Bitcoin Miner Capitulation?

Bitcoin mining refers to the completion of verified transactions’ blocks that get appended to the blockchain. For these transactions, miners earn a reward in the form of cryptocurrency. If the miner isn’t able to manage to make out their operational costs from the Bitcoin mining process, they sell a significant amount of their mined Bitcoins. This leads to Bitcoin Miner Capitulation.

On the other hand, Miner Capitulation can also result from sudden drops in the Bitcoin market as this makes miners sell their coins. Hence, we can say that Bitcoin Miner Capitulation is when small miners can’t profit from their mining, and they back out. It creates selling stress in the market, leading to further drops in the price and a lack of buyers.

Is This First Bitcoin Miner Capitulation?

Many people dealing with Bitcoin assume this is the first time Bitcoin is experiencing a Miner Capitulation. But the facts state something different. Miner Capitulation has been seen twice in the history of Bitcoin:

  • 2016: When Bitcoin Halving took place this year, it was seen that miners began selling a significant amount of their Bitcoins.
  • 2018: Bitcoin again crashed by 50%, getting a value of $3,000 from $6,000. This led to low profits for small miners, and they again sold their Bitcoins in massive amounts.

Apart from these, the 2013 effect on Bitcoin’s price also brought in some Miner Capitulation. Therefore, this isn’t the first time Bitcoin is experiencing one such situation. It has happened whenever Bitcoin Halving takes place or the price drops down.

Is Bitcoin Miner Capitulation Something To Worry About?

It is usual for a big market like Bitcoin to host thousands or millions of transactions every day. So when some of the miners sell their coins, how does that make any difference? The answer to this question is simple, i.e., the tension of sale in the market.

With these small miners selling their coins, many other people also begin considering selling their coins. This stress rises with more sales. Moreover, it causes a lack of buyers in the market, and Bitcoin’s price falls further.

People are relating Bitcoin Miner Capitulation to more significant problems that may be seen in the upcoming times. That is why you must learn more about the current situation and take action while there is still time to save yourself from any bigger trouble.

Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

The Impact Of ‘Machinery Orders’ Fundamental Indicator News Release On The Forex Market

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Industrial and manufacturing productions are one of the pillars of any economy. Whenever policies are implemented, governments tend to focus on ways to improve or increase production in the country. The main significance of manufacturing and industrial production is that they create employment opportunities in the local economy and ensure value addition to domestic products, making them competitive in the international markets. Furthermore, they contribute majorly towards technological advancements, which is why data on machinery orders is vital.

Understanding Machinery Orders

As an economic indicator, machinery orders measures the change in the total value of new orders placed with machine manufacturers, excluding ships and utilities.

The data on machinery orders are categorized into orders by; the private sector, the manufacturing sector, governments, overseas orders, and orders made through agencies. All these orders exclude volatile orders from power companies and those of ships.

Source: Cabinet Office, Government of Japan

The machinery orders by electric companies and that of ships are considered too volatile. This volatility is thanks to the fact that ships and the machinery used by electric companies are extremely expensive. Furthermore, these orders usually are placed once over long periods. Therefore, including these orders might unfairly distort the value of the machinery orders data.

To get a clear picture of what machinery, in this case, means, here are some of the components that are included in the machinery orders data. They are metal cutting machines, rolling machines, boilers, power units, electronic and communication equipment, motor vehicles, and aircraft.

Machinery orders from the government are categorized into; transport, communication, ministry of defence, and national and local government orders.

In the industrial sector, machinery orders are categorized by the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing sectors. The nonmanufacturing orders include agriculture, forestry, fishing, construction, electric supply, real estate, finance and insurance, and transportation. Some of the categories of orders in the manufacturing sector include; food and beverages, textile, chemical and chemical production, electrical and telecommunication machinery, and shipbuilding.

Using Machinery Orders for Analysis

By now, you already understand that machinery orders data encompass every aspect of the economy. It ranges from domestic government orders, agriculture, manufacturing and production, services delivery, and even foreign orders. As a result, the monthly machinery orders data can offer a treasure of information not only about the domestic economy but also foreign economies as well.

Source: Cabinet Office, Government of Japan

When companies invest in new machinery, it is considered a capital investment. Capital expenditure is usually considered whenever there is an anticipation of increased demands and services provided by the company. In this case, companies must scale up their operations to increase supply to match the increased demand. In the general economy, an increase in aggregate demand can result from increased money supply in the economy. Thus, it can be taken as a sign that unemployment levels in the economy have reduced or that households are receiving higher wages. Both of these factors can be attributed to an expanding economy.

Note that machinery, in this case, means heavy-duty machinery. Typically, these types of machinery take long in the production and assembly lines. At times, orders have to be placed weeks or months in advance. Therefore, the machinery delivered now may have possibly taken months in the assembly line. When the machinery orders increase, we can deduce that these machinery producers and assembly plants have to employ more labor.

Consequently, an increase in machinery orders means that unemployment levels will reduce. In turn, households’ welfare will improve, and aggregate demand for consumer products will rise. In the end, discretionary consumer industries will also flourish. A decrease in the machinery orders will tend to have the opposite effect.

Suffice to say, the machinery in question here are not cheap. Most companies finance their capital expenditure using lines of credit. Therefore, an increase in machinery orders could imply the availability of cheap credit in the economy. Access to cheap financing by companies and households stimulates the economy by increasing consumption and investments. As a result, the increased aggregate demand leads to an increase in the GDP and expansion of the economy.

Machinery orders data can also be used as an indicator of the economic cycles and to predict upcoming recessions and economic recoveries. When firms anticipate that the economy will go through a rough patch and demand will fall, they cut back on production. Scaling down operations means that they won’t be ordering any more machinery to be used in the production. Conversely, when companies are optimistic that the economy will rebound from recession or a depression, they will order more machinery to scale up their production in anticipation of the increased demand. Furthermore, when the economy is going through an expansion, the aggregate demand tends to increase rapidly. This rapid increase forces companies to increase their machinery orders to enable them to keep up with the demand.

Impact on Currency

The machinery orders data is vital in showing the current and anticipated state of the economy. For the domestic currency, this information is crucial.

The currency will appreciate when the machinery orders increase. Machinery orders are seen as a leading indicator of industrial and manufacturing production. Therefore, when the orders increase, the economy can anticipate an increase in industrial production. And along with it, a decrease in the level of unemployment. Generally, the increase in machinery orders means that the economy is expanding.

Conversely, when machinery orders are on a continuous decline, it means that businesses expect a more challenging operating environment. They will scale down their operations in anticipation of a decline in the demand for their goods and services. In this scenario, higher levels of unemployment should be expected in the economy. Since the economy is contracting, the domestic currency can be expected to depreciate relative to others.

Sources of Data

In this analysis, we will focus on Japan since one of the world’s leading producers of heavy machinery. The Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, releases the monthly machinery orders data in Japan. Trading Economics publishes in-depth and historical data of the Japanese machinery orders.

How Machinery Orders Data Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

The Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, published the latest machinery orders data on October 12, 2020, at 8.50 AM JST. The release can be accessed at Investing.com. The release of this data is expected to have a low impact on the JPY.

In August 2020, the monthly core machinery orders in Japan increased by 0.2% compared to the 6.3% increase in July 2020. During the same period, the YoY core machinery orders were -15.2% compared to -16.2% in the previous reading. Both the MoM and YoY data were better than analysts’ expectations.

Let’s see how this release impacted the AUD/JPY forex charts.

AUD/JPY: Before the Machinery Orders Data Release on October 12, 2020, 
just before 8.50 AM JST

Before the release of Japan’s machinery orders data, the AUD/JPY pair was trading in a steady downtrend. The 20-period MA was falling with candles forming below it. Fifteen minutes before the news release, the pair formed three bullish 5-minute candles showing that the JPY was weakening against the AUD.

AUD/JPY: After the Machinery Orders Data Release on October 12, 2020, 
at 8.50 AM JST

As expected, the pair AUD/JPY pair formed a long 5-minute bearish candle. Subsequently, the pair traded in a renewed downtrend as the 20-period MA steeply fell with candles forming further below it.

Bottom Line

Although the machinery orders data is a low-impact economic indicator, its release had a significant impact on the forex price action. This is because better than expected data shows that the Japanese economy might be bouncing back from the coronavirus-induced recession.

Categories
Forex Assets

AUD/TWD – What Should You Know Before Trading This Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The AUD/TWD is an exotic currency pair with the AUD representing the Australian Dollar, and the TWD is the Taiwan Dollar. Such exotic pairs experience high volatility in the forex market. In this pair, the AUD is the base currency, while the TWD is the quote currency. That means that the exchange rate of the AUD/TWD is the amount of TWD that can be bought by 1 AUD. If the exchange rate of the AUD/TWD pair is 20.091, it means that you can exchange 20.091 TWD for 1 AUD.

AUD/TWD Specification

Spread

The spread in forex trading represents the difference between the price at which you can buy a currency pair when going long and the price at which you can sell the pair when going short. The spread for the AUD/TWD pair is – ECN: 24 pips | STP: 29 pips

Fees

Holders of ECN type accounts are typically charged a fee for every position they open. This fee depends on the size of the positions and the broker. Traders with STP accounts usually don’t get charged trading fees.

Slippage

If your broker delays executing your trade or if the market is highly volatile, you will notice a difference between the price you placed on your order and the execution price. This difference is slippage.

Trading Range in the AUD/TWD Pair

When trading forex, you will notice that a currency pair fluctuates over time. The trading range shows the minimum, average, and maximum variation in pips over different timeframes. By analysis of the trading range, we can determine the potential profit from trading a particular pair across various timeframes.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/TWD Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

To establish the Percentage of the trading range for CAD/TWD, we will express the total trading costs for both ECN and STP accounts as a percentage of the trading range above. This analysis will show us the true costs of trading the AUD/TWD pair across different timeframes, which will aid in determining the best timeframe to trade.

ECN Model Account costs

Spread = 24 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1 | Total cost = 27

STP Model Account

Spread = 29 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0 | Total cost = 31

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade  AUD/TWD Pair

From this analysis, we can tell that as the timeframe becomes longer, the trading costs become lower. For both accounts, the highest trading costs are at the 1H timeframe, which coincides with the lowest volatility of 2.7 pips. The lowest trading costs are at the 1-month timeframe coinciding with when volatility is highest at 256.8 pips.

Overall, we can also notice that the trading costs reduce when volatility changes from minimum to maximum across all timeframes. Therefore, traders of the AUD/TWD pair can reduce their trading costs by trading longer timeframes or trading when volatility approaches maximum. Furthermore, using forex limit order types can remove slippage costs.

Here’s an example.

ECN Account Using Limit Model Account

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee

= 0 + 24 + 1 = 25

When the slippage costs are eliminated, the trading costs for the AUD/TWD pair drop. In this case, the highest cost dropped from 457.63% to 423.73%.

Categories
Forex Course

173. How To Trade Using Three Different Trading Timeframes?

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Our previous lesson covered how to use multiple timeframe analysis to find better entry and exit points. Timeframes in forex trading can be categorised into three: long timeframe, intermediate timeframe, and short timeframe. This lesson will illustrate how you can trade with three timeframes depending on the type of forex trader you are.

Depending on your forex trading style, the long timeframe is used to determine the prevailing market trend; the intermediate timeframe used to show the consistency of the observed trend, while the short timeframe used to determine the best entry and exit points for a trade.

Long Timeframes in Forex

The long timeframes are used to establish the prevailing primary trend of a currency pair. Depending on the trading style, the long timeframes in forex ranges from a 30-minute timeframe to a 1-month timeframe.

Day trader long timeframe: 1-hour GBP/USD chart

For a forex day trader, a 1-hour timeframe shows the prevailing and dominant downtrend in the GBP/USD pair. Using this timeframe, you can establish support and resistance levels.

Intermediate timeframes in Forex

These timeframes are used to establish the current market trend. The intermediate timeframe in forex helps you to determine the magnitude of the trend observed with the long timeframe. It is expected to see more price fluctuations when using this timeframe, but the general trend should align with the long timeframe.

Day trader intermediate timeframe: 30-minute GBP/USD chart

As can be seen, the price pullbacks are more visible using the intermediate timeframe. The price fluctuations are more pronounced as you can see how the primary trend observed with the long timeframe is broken down.

Shorter timeframes in Forex

Depending on your forex trading style, the shorter timeframes show the most current and shorter changes in the price movements.

The shorter timeframes are used to determine the best entry and exit points of a trade. With shorter timeframes, you can quickly establish whether the price has reached the support and resistance levels.

Day trader shorter timeframe: 15-minute GBP/USD chart

Using the 15-minute timeframe, the day trader can quickly establish the entry positions for shorting the EUR/USD when the price bounces from the resistance levels.

Trading three timeframes helps you establish the dominant trend, narrow this trend down while determining its magnitude, and finally establish the best entry and exit points.

[wp_quiz id=”89198″]
Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

The Importance Of ‘Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index’ Macro Economic Indicator

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

65%! That’s the average global economic output that households’ consumption contributes to economic output. Since inflation tends to go hand-in-hand with demand, most monetary policy decisions are centered around, ensuring a sustainable inflation rate in the economy.

You see, a manageable inflation growth can be the difference between a healthy economic growth, overheating heating economy, or a stagnating one. Therefore, understanding the factors that contribute to the overall inflation rate cannot just be the preserve for governments and central banks. This information can prove useful to forex traders as well.

Understanding PCE Price Index

To understand the PCE price index, we first need to understand PCE itself. Personal consumption expenditures measures how much households spend in an economy within a particular period. The consumption tracked by PCE includes consumption on durable goods, nondurable goods, and services.

Durable goods are consumer items that last for more than three years, such as cars and household appliances. On the other hand, nondurable goods include perishable consumer items like foodstuffs. The services, in this case, includes any services that might be sought by households ranging from professional services such as legal services to home-care services.

How PCE is Measured? 

As we have already established, most of the production within an economy is meant for household consumption. The government can be able to deduce the PCE using the GDP data. Firstly, the local manufacturers’ shipment data is used to estimate the amount designated for household consumption.

Next, deducing the consumption of services, the government uses data on revenue collected for utilities, professional services commissions, and receipts for services rendered. Net imports (i.e., imports fewer exports) are added, and the national inventory changes are subtracted. The resulting data represents the amount of consumption by households within the economy.

Purpose of the PCE Data

While PCE can be used to show the growth of aggregate demand and economic growth, it is also used to compute the PCE price index. The PCE price index is also known as PCE inflation. It measures the changes in the price of household goods and services over a specific period.

After obtaining the PCE data, it is converted into prices paid by the households. The conversion is achieved using the consumer price index. Note that the PCE price index incorporates the taxes paid, profit margins of the producers and suppliers, and the cost of delivery. Thus, the PCE price index is a broad measure.

Difference between PCE Price Index and the CPI

It is worth noting that both these indexes are used to measure the rate of inflation in an economy. However, the most notable difference between them is that the PCE data is derived from the GDP data and businesses’ surveys. CPI data, on the other hand, is arrived at from surveys conducted on the households. Based on their different sources, the PCE data covers a lot of the items that households on which household spend. Therefore, the PCE price index data tends to be smoothened since a significant change in the price of a single item won’t grossly distort the index.

Source: St. Louis FRED

Using PCE Data in Analysis

The PCE price index can be used as a broad measure of inflation within an economy. While CPI is a good measure of inflation, the PCE price index tracks the price changes in more goods consumed by households. More so, the price changes reflected in the PCE price index represents the cost of production, taxes, and the cost of delivering the goods and services to the consumers. Furthermore, using the core PCE price index eliminates the volatile prices of a few items, such as gasoline prices will distort the index reading compared to CPI.

Source: St. Louis FRED

As a measure of economic growth, the PCE data is unrivaled. Seeing that the PCE data itself is derived from the GDP figures, the changes in the immediate consumption by households can be used to track how the economy will grow in the short term. To properly gauge whether the increased expenditure on consumption is real or a result of inflation, the following factors are considered.

Firstly, is the quantity purchased by households increasing with little change in the prices? Are the households buying higher quantities at higher or lower prices? Are households spending more money to purchase lesser quantities? Since the PCE price index tracks broad changes in consumption, these factors will help determine whether the economy is growing or merely the prices of goods and services changing.

The changes in the PCE data can be used to show the conditions in the labor market. Household consumption represents the aggregate demand in the economy. Thus, when PCE increases, it shows that demand is increasing. The trickle-down effects of increased aggregate demand increase in the aggregate supply and expansion in production. The increased production implies that more labor will be needed hence lower unemployment levels and improved welfare. Conversely, decreasing PCE can be a leading indicator of worsening labor market conditions.

Impact on Currency

A straight line can be drawn from PCE to inflation to monetary policies. Demand is one of the primary factors behind inflation. In the forex market, the changes in PCE and PCE price index can be used to predict likely monetary policies. Note that most central banks use the PCE price index to set the target rate of inflation.

A continuous increase in PCE and rising PCE price index shows that inflation in the economy is increasing. Central banks are likely to implement contractionary monetary policies such as hiking interest rates to avoid an overheating economy. The contractionary policies make the currency appreciate relative to others.

Conversely, decreasing PCE levels accompanied by a lower PCE price index may be an indicator of a stagnating economy. Central banks are more likely to lower interest rates to stimulate the economy. Such expansionary policies make the currency depreciate relative to others.

Sources of Data

In the US, the Bureau of Economic Analysis publishes the Personal Income and Outlays report monthly. This report contains the PCE and PCE price index data. St. Louis FRED has an in-depth and historical analysis of the US’s PCE and PCE price index data.

How PCE Price Index Data Release Affects Forex Price Charts

In the US, the most recent publication of the PCE price index data was on October 1, 2020, at 8.30 AM EST and accessed at Investing.com.

Below is a screengrab from Investing.com. We can see that moderate volatility is expected in the forex market when the PCE price index data is released.

In August 2020, the core PCE price index increased by 1.6% from 1.4% in July 2020. This increase is expected to have a positive impact on the USD.

EUR/USD: Before PCE Price Index Release on October 1, 2020, 
Just Before 8.30 AM GMT

The EUR/USD pair was trading in a steady uptrend before the publication of the PCE price index data. The 20-period MA was steeply rising with candles forming above it.

EUR/USD: After PCE Price Index Release on October 1, 2020, at 8.30 AM GMT

After the release of the PCE price index data, the pair formed a 5-minute ‘Doji’ candle. As expected, the stronger USD made the pair adopt a bearish stance with the 20-period MA steeply falling and candles crossing over below it.

As observed, the PCE price index data release has a significant effect on the forex price action. Perhaps the relevance of the PCE data comes from the fact that the US Federal Reserve uses it to set the target inflation.

Categories
Crypto Guides

Heard of Suterusu? One of the most interesting cryptocurrency!

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies have come into the limelight even since Bitcoin hyped in the market. As the demand for cryptocurrency increased, a few new names also joined the list. One of the well-known titles from those is Suterusu. It is a bit different from the usual cryptocurrencies, which makes it more exciting and beneficial for people.

You may or may not have earlier heard about Suterusu. Either way, we are here to help you out. Here, we have brought all the crucial information about Suterusu to help you learn more about it, making the concept clearer to you. So without further ado, let’s begin with the details.

What Is Suterusu?

Security and anonymity is a big concern for almost all blockchain platforms. In order to resolve this, Suterusu has brought in a new concept. It allows these blockchain developers to implement an additional layer of zk-SNARK-based privacy without any hassle. That is why its motto of “launchpad for privacy-preserving interoperable blockchain” gets appropriately fulfilled.

In other words, Suterusu helps bring new privacy to blockchain platforms or apps that match the ZCash level. Moreover, they need not implement this security layer to their protocol level. Therefore, even mainstream blockchains like Ether, Bitcoin, and Decentralized Finance can benefit from this new concept.

How Is Suterusu Different From Other zk-SNARK Implementations?

The other applications of zk-SNARK called for the need for one of the following:

  • Logarithmic proof sizes
  • Trusted setup: Under this, a set of original parameters are created. These are further used to generate a key, which makes and verifies the proofs of future transactions within the network.

These two factors contradict the anonymous cryptocurrency’s transparent and decentralized nature.

On the other hand, Suterusu undertakes zk-SNARK’s updated version to get rid of both of these concerns. This version is called zk-ConSNARK. So, basically, there is no trust set up promoted by Suterusu that destroys the trusted set up entirely and keeps the proof size low. It not only amplifies the throughput but also maintains security and privacy by keeping the transaction participants anonymous.

What Is Suterusu’s Cryptocurrency?

Suterusu runs its own cryptocurrency named the SUTER Token, which has a total of 10 billion supply. It is further divided into percentages made for different sections:

  • Suterusu’s team has over 4.8% of the tokens.
  • 2% of the tokes are specified for the foundation.
  • 16% of the total tokens are for participants of a private sale.
  • Stake miners can go up to 76% tokens.

Like any other cryptocurrency, SUTER is also subjected to an annual supply halve seen every couple of years. Moreover, these tokens have the lowest inflation rate as compared to other anonymous coins in the market.

In case you want to run a validator node for Suterusu, you will need to deposit at least 1 million SUTER Tokens. Based on your mortgage token and voting token, your mining power will be determined. Further, this will decide the total reward you can receive as a validator node.

Conclusion

By maintaining the anonymity factor, Suterusu has a high chance of becoming the next big thing in the cryptocurrency market. Now that you have learned its basics, we recommend you to get into more details and see how to benefit from this rising concept.

Categories
Forex Assets

AUD/ZAR – Analysing The Costs Involved While Trading This Forex Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The AUD/ZAR is an exotic currency pair in the forex market. AUD is the Australian Dollar while ZAR is the South African Rand. Trading the AUD/ZAR pair is expected to attract higher volatility than trading major forex currency pairs.

The AUD is the base currency in this exotic pair, while the ZAR is the quote currency. It means that the price associated with the AUD/ZAR pair represents the amount of ZAR that you can buy with 1 AUD. Let’s say that the price of AUD/ZAR is 11.5077; it means that with 1 AUD, you can buy 11.5077 ZAR.

AUD/ZAR Specification

Spread

At any given moment, forex brokers display the “bid” and “ask” price, which represents the price at which you can buy or sell a currency pair. The spread is the difference between these two. The spread for the AUD/ZAR pair is – ECN: 7 pips | STP: 12 pips

Fees

Forex traders with ECN type accounts can sometimes be charged commissions by their forex brokers whenever they open a position. The fees vary with the broker and the size of the position. STP accounts are typically not charged commissions.

Slippage

The price at which we place our trades isn’t always the price at which the broker executes these trades. The difference between the two prices is called slippage in forex trading. It can be because of extreme market volatility or broker inefficiency.

Trading Range in the AUD/ZAR Pair

The trading range refers to the pip movement of a currency pair throughout a trading day. The pip movement can be analyzed across different timeframes to determine the volatility of the pair.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/ZAR Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

We can compare the total cost of trading a particular currency pair alongside the volatility of that pair. This will help us determine the total trading costs of the pair across different timeframes and find out the optimal trading periods.

ECN Model Account Cost

Spread = 7 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1 | Total = 10

STP Model Account Cost

Spread = 12 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0 | Total cost = 14

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade the AUD/ZAR

From the analysis of the trading range and the costs in terms of Percentage, we notice that low volatilities attract the highest costs. Since lower timeframes have the least volatilities, it means that trading costs are higher in lower timeframes.

We can say that the ideal timeframe to trade the AUD/ZAR pair is when the volatility is approaching the ‘Maximum”. Traders interested in this pair can also choose to use forex pending orders instead of market orders. With pending orders, you get to eliminate the costs associated with slippage.

Here’s an example with the ECN account when slippage is 0.

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee = 0 + 7 + 1 = 8

Eliminating the slippage cost has helped reduce the trading costs of the AUD/ZAR pair across all timeframes. The highest cost in the ECN type account has been reduced from 169.49% to 135.59%.

Categories
Forex Course

172. Using Multiple Timeframe Analysis To Identify Accurate Entries & Exits

Introduction 

Introduction 

Introduction 

At this stage, you are now familiar with how to conduct multiple timeframe analysis for the different type of forex trades. In the previous lesson, we covered why you should look at multiple timeframes when trading forex. Now, let’s narrow down to how you can use multiple timeframe analysis to determine which price levels make the best entry and exit points to match your trading style.

Why is it important? 

Using longer timeframes helps get the bigger picture while the shorter timeframes show you how the dominant trend is constituted. Support and resistance levels are used to determine the best entry and points of a trade. To properly illustrate this, we will use the example of a forex swing trader.

For a forex swing trader, positions are left open from overnight up to a few weeks. Daily timeframes are used to establish the dominant market trend for a currency pair. This timeframe will help you establish long-term support and resistance levels.

Forex Swing Trader Daily Timeframe for EUR/USD Primary Trend

The daily forex timeframe for the EUR/USD shows that the pair is on a downtrend, as evidenced by the lower lows and lower highs. The lowest low from the daily timeframe will enable the forex swing trader to establish the support level. Lower highs are formed when the price of the pair attempts a ‘pull-back.’ These lower highs will be used to set the resistance levels.

Since the dominant trend is downward, the resistance levels will be used as the ‘high swings, ’ which will be the best entry point for a short position. The resistance levels are used since the currency pair’s price is unlikely to break above this level.

Forex Swing Trader EUR/USD 4-hour Trigger Timeframe

To determine the best entry and exit points, as a forex swing trader, you use the 4-hour timeframe. When the 4-hour candles don’t breach the resistance level, you open a short trade and exit when the 4-hour candle touches the support level at the low swing.

This strategy can be adopted for the other type of forex trades.

Using multiple timeframe analysis for different forex orders

With a top-down analysis approach, different types of traders can use multiple timeframe analysis for executing different types of forex orders. Take a forex day trader, for example.

Forex Day Trader 1-hour Primary Trend Timeframe for EUR/USD

After establishing the support and resistance level, the forex day trader can use the resistance level to set the sell limit or the buy stop order. The support level is ideal to set the buy limit or the sell stop orders. The ‘stop-loss’ and ‘take profit’ levels can then be set to exit these trades depending on your risk management measures.

[wp_quiz id=”89182″]
Categories
Forex Fundamental Analysis

US Crude Oil Inventories – Understanding This Fundamental Forex Driver

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Oil is one of the most universally used commodity. Its uses span every aspect of our lives, and we can’t escape from not using it. In the US, for example, the transportation sector consumes about 68% of the total oil in the economy while industries consume 26%. Therefore, by monitoring the inventories of crude oil, we can be able to deduce the changes in economic activities.

Understanding US Crude Oil Inventories

As an economic indicator, the US crude oil inventories measure the change in the stockpile of crude oil in major oil deports in the US. The US Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) publishes the crude oil inventories report weekly. This report tracks the changes in the number of barrels of commercial crude oil that is held by US firms.

The report is called Weekly Petroleum Status Report and is published on Thursday of every week. Below is a list of items from the report.

  • The US petroleum balance sheet
  • US crude oil refinery inputs
  • The daily average of US crude oil imports
  • The daily average of US commercial crude oil inventories. These inventories exclude those held by the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  • The daily average of the total oil products supplied over the last four-week period

Using US Crude Oil Inventories

The uses of crude oil affect our daily lives. Although there has been a conscious shift towards green energy, crude oil, and its products are very much still part of our lives. To properly understand the implications of crude oil inventories on the US economy, we need to go back to supply and demand basics. Say that a supplier stocks inventory with the knowledge that there is consistent demand.

This demand is based on historical averages, of course. Now, if the supplier starts to notice that their inventory is increasing over time, it could mean that demand for their product is decreasing. Similarly, if their inventory gets depleted faster than average, it could indicate that demand for their product has increased over time. It is the same case with the US crude oil inventories.

When the crude oil invitatories increase, it is an indicator that demand for crude oil has gone down. The two significant consumers of oil in the US are the transportation sector and in industries. Suffice to say, when there is a substantial increase in the US crude oil inventories, the demand from these two sectors can be expected to have significantly declined. Let’s think about what we can infer about the economy using this logic. In nonfarm employment, the US industries are the largest employers in the labor market.

Since crude oil is used to run industries, crude oil inventories can be used as a leading indicator of economic health. A decline in demand for crude oil could mean that the industrial sector is cutting back on production and manufacturing. Being one of the largest employers in the US, scaling down industrial operations translates to massive job losses. There will be an overall increase in unemployment in the economy. The resultant unemployment also has its ripple effects on the consumer economy. Due to the decrease in disposable income, households will only spend on essential goods and services. As a result, the consumer discretionary industry will take a hit.

This increase in the US crude oil inventories can be witnessed towards the end of the first quarter in 2020. At the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, lockdowns and social distancing guidelines halted industrial activities and traveling. The demand for US crude oil took a hit, and inventories dramatically increased.

Source: Investing.com

Conversely, a continuous decrease in the US crude oil inventories could mean that crude oil demand is increasing. Any significant increase in the demand for crude oil can be taken as an increase in economic activities in the US’s transportation and industrial sectors. An increase in crude oil demand in the transportation sector could imply that more people are buying vehicles, which is an indicator of improved household welfare. In the industries, an increase in demand for crude oil means that industrial activities are expanding. This expansion translates to increased job opportunities and lower unemployment rates.

However, note that it is more plausible that a decrease in oil inventories can be a direct result of cutbacks in oil production by drilling companies. Back to the basics of the economy, the laws of supply and demand. It is inherent for any producer to strive to obtain the highest possible price in the market. According to the laws of supply and demand, oil producers might be attempting to stabilize the oil prices by cutting back on production. When prices are falling due to a decrease in demand, crude oil producers will try to cut back on drilling to stabilize the price. After all, it doesn’t make any economic sense to oversupply the market at lower prices while operation costs remain the same. This scenario was witnessed at the beginning of the second quarter of 2020. The graph below shows the decline in oil rigs that were operational in the US at the beginning of Q2 2020.

Source: Trading Economics

Due to depressed crude oil demand, crude oil prices were on a freefall, which led to cutbacks in production, hence a significant decline in inventories. Note that this decline in the US crude oil inventories does not coincide with economic expansion.

Impact of US Crude Oil Inventories on USD

We have observed that the increase in inventories can be associated with a decline in demand for crude oil. This decline in demand can imply that operations in major crude oil dependent sectors are scaling down. These are signs of economic contractions, which will make the USD depreciate in the forex market.

Conversely, when the inventories decrease, it could mean that the demand for crude oil has increased significantly. For economic sectors that are heavily dependent on crude oil, it means that they are expanding. Since this can be an indicator of economic growth, the USD can be expected to increase in value in the forex market.

Sources of Data

The US Energy Information Administration publishes the US crude oil inventories every week. Trading Economics has in-depth and historical time series data on the US crude oil inventories.

How US Crude Oil Inventories Release Affects The Forex Price Charts

The latest publication of the US Crude Oil Inventories was on October 21, 2020, at 9.30 AM EST. This release is available at Forex Factory. When the US crude oil inventories are published, low impact is expected on the USD.

In the latest release, the US crude oil inventories decreased by 1 million barrels compared to 3.8 million barrels in the previous week. This change was more than analysts’ expectations of a 0.5 million barrels decline.

Let’s see how this release impacted the USD.

GBP/USD: Before US Crude Oil Inventories Release on October 21, 2020, 
just before 9.30 AM EST

The GBP/USD pair was trading in a steady uptrend before releasing the US crude oil inventories data. The 20-period MA is seen to be steadily rising with candles forming above it.

GBP/USD: After US Crude Oil Inventories Release on October 21, 2020, 
at 9.30 AM EST

The pair formed a 5-minute bullish candle indicating the weakness of the USD. It continued trading in the steady uptrend for a while before adopting a neutral trend.

The US crude oil inventories data is a low impact indicator in the forex market. As shown above, the release of the data had no impact on forex price action.

Categories
Forex Assets

Trading Costs Involved While Trading The AUD/PKR Forex Exotic Pair

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In this exotic, AUD is the Australian Dollar, and PKR is the Pakistani Rupee. Trading exotic currency pairs can be highly volatile compared to major currency pairs. The AUD is the base currency, and the PKR is the quote currency. That implies that the exchange rate of the AUD/PKR is the number of Pakistani Rupees that a single Australian Dollar can buy. Thus, if the exchange of AUD/PKR is 112.584, it means that with 1 AUD, you can buy 112.584 PKR.

AUD/PKR Specification

Spread

The spread in forex trading represents the value difference between the buying price of a currency pair and its selling price. These prices are referred to as “bid” and “ask.” The spread for the AUD/PKR pair is – ECN: 32 pips | STP: 37 pips

Fees

Some forex brokers charge a fee whenever a trader opens a position. The fee is not standardized and depends on the broker and the size of the trade. Note that STP accounts normally don’t attract broker fees.

Slippage

Whether long or short, when you open a position, it can be executed at a different price than what you requested. This price difference is called slippage in the forex market and is a direct result of extreme volatility or broker delays.

Trading Range in the AUD/PKR Pair

If you observed a currency pair’s price movement, you’d notice the difference in price changes across different timeframes. That is the trading range and is used to determine the volatility of a pair.

The Procedure to assess Pip Ranges

  1. Add the ATR indicator to your chart
  2. Set the period to 1
  3. Add a 200-period SMA to this indicator
  4. Shrink the chart so you can determine a larger period
  5. Select your desired timeframe
  6. Measure the floor level and set this value as the min
  7. Measure the level of the 200-period SMA and set this as the average
  8. Measure the peak levels and set this as Max.

AUD/PKR Cost as a Percentage of the Trading Range

When you combine the total trading costs of a currency pair, you can analyze the percentage costs across different timeframes. This analysis can help you determine the best time to trade a currency pair.

ECN Model Account Cost

Spread = 32 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 1 | Total = 35

STP Model Account Cost

Spread = 37 | Slippage = 2 | Trading fee = 0 | Total cost = 39

The Ideal Timeframe to Trade the AUD/PKR

As seen above, trading the AUD/PKR pair on shorter timeframes is costlier. In both the ECN and the STP accounts, it is cheaper trading the pair over longer timeframes since the trading costs are lower. Note that the trading costs decrease with an increase in volatility. The lowest trading cost for the AUD/PKR pair is when volatility is at the highest 852.4 pips.

The ideal trading time is evidently on the longer timeframes. But shorter-term traders can open positions when volatility is maximum across 1H, 2H, 4H. and 1D timeframes. Traders can also employ the use of forex pending order types, which eliminate the cost of slippage. Here’s an example with the ECN account.

Total cost = Slippage + Spread + Trading fee = 0 + 32+ 1 = 33

Notice how the trading costs have been reduced across all timeframes when forex pending orders are used. The maximum cost, for example, has reduced from 593.22% to 559.32%.

Categories
Crypto Guides

What Should You Know About Non-Fungible Tokens?

Introduction 

Introduction 

Introduction 

The word tokens mostly bring the concept of currency in our minds, i.e., something that we can exchange for something else. However, this isn’t entirely correct. Rather than just being a currency, a token represents any fact, feeling, quality, etc. visibly and tangibly. A few common examples of a token can be:

Voters ID: It is a token of the fact that you are eligible to vote.

Driving License: It is a token that shows you have undergone the process of proving that you can dive responsibly.

Coins: These are the tokens that show the value of something like a pair of glasses is $10 worth.

There can be several such things that can be considered as tokens. Now, these tokens can be divided into two categories: Fungible and Non-Fungible. You must be aware of the concept of fungible tokens that can be exchanged for something. Let’s now learn what Non-Fungible Tokens are.

What Are Non-Fungible Tokens?

If we dive into the cryptocurrency market, you will see that the most prominent tokens are fungible. For instance, you can exchange a Bitcoin for another Bitcoin without affecting its price. On the other hand, Non-Fungible Tokens are the ones that don’t hold this property of being exchangeable. Each of them has its own value, like your car and watch has its own.

In simple words, fungible tokens can be replaced by something identical to it, while Non-Fungible Tokens can’t be. Another difference between the two is divisibility. Like you can divide a Bitcoin into two parts, you can’t split a non-fungible token due to its uniqueness.

Where Did The Concept Of Non-Fungible Tokens Arise?

Many people still don’t know how Non-Fungible Tokens came into the market. If you are one of them, then it is time to get aware of this factor. Non-Fungible Tokens’ concept came into notice when a blockchain-based platform, CryptoKitties, made $12 million worth of transactions of virtual kittens. As each cat has its own features and traits, it was sold and bought at different prices.

Therefore, these kittens followed with the two essential qualities of Non-Fungible Tokens:

  • One kitten can’t get exchanged with another one as their price differs.
  • One kitten can’t get divided into two or more parts.

And all these transactions took place in Ethereum. After CryptoKitten came into the limelight, several gaming platforms seem to opt for this method of transaction.

What Is The Future Of Non-Fungible Tokens?

Non-Fungible Tokens or NFTs hold a significant market in the gaming industry. Plus, more and more gaming platforms are now incorporating cryptocurrencies, giving more space for the use of NFTs. Players can make in-game purchases conveniently with the help of these NFTs, just like the kittens were sold on CrytoKitten. For example, buying and selling game skins, armours, and other similar assets will become even more accessible. But this isn’t the only use case of NFTs. With their advancements, they indeed will find a place of their own in the world.

We hope all this information will make the Non-Fungible Token’s concept clear to you. So now you can see how you can benefit from them and use them wherever possible.

Categories
Forex Basic Strategies

Reliable ‘ADX’ Trading Strategy To Trade Forex Major Currency Pairs

Introduction 

Introduction 

Introduction 

We have talked a lot about trading strategies involving MACD, RSI, Volume and Stochastic. However, we haven’t covered much about the ADX indicator and its application. Today’s strategy is based on the ADX, which will help us in measuring the strength of a trend on any given time frame. The Average Directional Index (ADX) is a tool that is designed to measure the strength of a trend. When ADX is used in combination with other trading strategies, we get a complete understanding of the market trend and its efficacy.

Learning how to use the ADX is very easy. It ranges from a scale 0-100, 100 indicating a strong trend and 0 indicating a non-existent trend. If the ADX is close to 0, we can expect a sideways action in the market, meaning the market will neither go up or down but stay around the same value for some time. Remember, ADX will tell us about the strength of the trend. It does not guide us in the future direction of the market. For that reason, it is necessary to use concepts of market trend, retracement, and other technical indicators. ADX values of 50 and above are considered high, while ADX values of 20 and below are considered low. Weak trends are indicated by values of 20 and below.

Time Frame

The strategy works well on most time frames, including 15 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours and Daily. However, we do not recommend applying the strategy on very low time frames due to market noise and liquidity issues.

Indicators

We use the Average Directional Index (ADX) and Simple Moving Average (SMA) indicators in the strategy.

Currency Pairs

The strategy is applicable on most currency pairs listed on the broker’s platform. However, it is advised to apply the strategy on major currency pairs only.

Strategy Concept

The ADX indicator ensures that we only trade when there is a strong trend in the market, regardless of the time frame. Here, even before looking at the candlesticks, we wait for the ADX indicator to show a reading above 60. A reading above 60 signals a strong trend and the likelihood of a trend continuation. We all know that the trend is our friend, but without gauging the strength of the trend, it can be dangerous to be a part of that trend. This is why we use the ADX indicator for trend trading.

The ADX is only limited to understanding the strength of the trend. However, in order to trade a ‘trend’, we also need to look at price action and trend continuation pattern in the market. Therefore, we use the concept of retracement and moving average to time our ‘entries.’ As this a trend trading strategy, we cannot use the rules for catching a reversal in the market.

We determine the take-profit and stop-loss levels based on ‘highs’ and ‘lows’ of the trend and retracement. Let us, straight dive, into the rules of the strategy.

Trade Setup

In order to explain the strategy, we will be executing a ‘long’ trade in USD/CAD currency pair using the rules of the strategy. Here are the steps to execute the strategy.

Step 1: Firstly, we have to plot the ADX and moving average indicators on the chart with their default setting. Before we actually look at the price action of the market, we have to watch the ADX indicator and its indication. Once the ADX crosses above 60, we look at the trend market and wait for an appropriate retracement.

Step 2: After gauging the strength of the trend using the ADX indicator, we need to wait for a suitable price retracement. The retracement, in other words, indicates a halt of the major trend of the market. In an uptrend, if price falls below the moving average and stays there, we say that the market has entered into retracement mode.

In a downtrend, if price rises above the moving average and stays there, we say that the market has entered into retracement mode. At this point, we are not sure if this is a retracement of the trend or is a start of the reversal. In order to confirm that it is a retracement, we again use the ADX indicator and check its reading. An ADX reading below 20 indicates that the ‘halt’ is actually a retracement of the major trend and not reversal.

Step 3: Now that we have got a confirmation from the ADX indicator that the market has gone into retracement mode, we should know how to enter the market. We go ‘long’ in the market when price crosses above the moving average and stays there for at least 4 or 5 candles. Similarly, we go ‘short’ in the market when price crosses below the moving average and stays there for at least 4 or 5 candles. As we just saw, the rule for entering a trade in this strategy is pretty simple and not complex at all.

Step 4: The last step of the strategy is to determine stop-loss and take-profit levels for the trade. We set take-profit near the ‘higher high’ of the uptrend while ‘long’ in the market and near the last ‘lower low’ of the downtrend while ‘short’ in the market. Stop-loss is placed below the previous ‘low’ of the retracement in an uptrend and above the ‘high’ of the retracement in a downtrend.

Strategy Roundup

The new ADX strategy gives very useful information which most of the times we never pay attention to. There are not many indicators which truly tell about the strength of the trend. ADX is one such indicator which tells if the trend is moving in strong fashion or not. At the same time, it is important to consider the strength of the pullback using price action and ADX indicator. Best profits come from catching strong trends, and this strategy helps us in accomplishing that.

Categories
Forex Course

171. The Best Timeframe for Forex Markets

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

In our previous lesson, we looked at which timeframes you should trade in the forex market. We established that the timeframes you trade depend on the type of forex trader that you are. This lesson will cover the best timeframes to trade using illustrations depending on the type of forex trader you are.

Best Timeframe for Forex Position Trading

1-Month EUR/USD Primary Trend Timeframe

The monthly timeframe shows a downtrend in the pair.

1-Week EUR/USD Trigger Timeframe

For a forex position trader, the 1-week timeframe can be used to establish the support level. This level will make the best entry point when the price trends below it.

Best Timeframe for Forex Swing Trading

Daily EUR/USD Primary Trend Timeframe

Forex swing traders trade in the direction of the preceding trend, which in this example, is a downtrend.

4-hour EUR/USD Trigger Timeframe

For a forex swing trader, using the 4-hour timeframe is the best to identify the ideal entry and exit points.

Best Timeframe for Forex Day Trading

1-hour GBP/USD Primary Trend Timeframe

For a forex day trader, the dominant market trend is a downtrend. With this chart, the day trader can establish multiple support and resistance levels. The 15-minute timeframe is used to establish the best market entry positions.

15-minute GBP/USD Trigger Timeframe

With the 15-minute timeframe, multiple entries and exit points can be established.

Best Timeframe for Forex Scalping

15-minute EUR/USD Primary Trend Timeframe

For a forex scalper, the 15-minute timeframe shows an uptrend. The 5-minute timeframe will be used to establish the best points of entry into the market.

5-minute Trigger Timeframe

The 5-minute timeframe presents the forex scalper with the best points for entry into the uptrend market.

Best Timeframe for Fundamental Forex Traders

Fundamental forex traders can also use timeframe analysis to establish the magnitude and volatility resulting from the release of an economic indicator. Therefore, depending on whether the indicator is high- or low-impact, you can determine which timeframe is best to trade.

With high-impact indicators, you can trade from the 30-minute timeframe.

30-minute timeframe for Australia’s GDP data release. September 2, 2020, 1.30 AM GMT

Furthermore, the price action from the release of a high-impact economic indicator can persist in the market for the long-term.

30-minute timeframe for Australia’s GDP data release. September 2, 2020, 1.30 AM GMT

The 4-hour chart shows that the AUD/USD pair continued trending downwards due to the less than expected GDP growth data.

For low- to medium-impact economic indicators, it is best to trade shorter timeframes from 1-minute to 15-minutes.

5-minute timeframe for Australia’s retail sales data release. August 21, 2020, 1.30 AM GMT

At longer timeframes, the effects of these indicators on the price action dissipates.

1-hour timeframe for Australia’s retail sales data release. August 21, 2020, 1.30 AM GMT

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Categories
Crypto Guides

Brief Introduction To Flexa And SPEDN Crypto Payment Apps

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies are becoming bigger and bigger with each passing year. While they were an unknown topic a decade back, they have now become a prominent income source for many. But have you imagined if these cryptocurrencies overtake the physical currencies entirely? Well, Flexa has made this possible by bringing in the use of crypto payments in the retail world.

This means the cryptocurrency usage won’t be limited to investment purposes, and retailers will benefit from it. Flex has now begun its work with a mobile application named SPEDN. There is nothing to worry about if you haven’t heard about Flex and SPEDN before because we will provide you with all the necessary details on these two.

What Are Flexa And SPEDN?

As stated above, Flexa is a mobile payment startup that has been working to develop a unique cryptocurrency payment network for retailers. Its primary motive includes the following factors:

  • Reduce frauds
  • Eliminate processing costs
  • Build better relationships between buyers and sellers
  • Preserve privacy

Flexa offers one of its kind platform for payments that is entirely decentralized, making commerce more efficient and accessible. In straightforward terms, it can be stated that Flexa works to cut out the unnecessary hassle that is often incorporated into the payment processes of retailers. Thus, reducing the overall complexity and costs of conventional payment systems.

The startup is doing so with its first app called SPEDN. The application will be available for both Android and iOS platforms. It will serve as a digital wallet that uses cryptocurrency as the payment method. So you can use it for direct payments in retail stores.

Which Cryptocurrencies Are Supported By SPEDN?

The very first factor people notice in a digital wallet is the type of currencies supported by it. And it is the same for SPEDN. It is vital to know whether this platform provides you with the flexibility to use your preferred cryptocurrency for the purpose.

Currently, it supports the following cryptocurrencies:

  • Bitcoin
  • Bitcoin Cash
  • Ethereum
  • Gemini

However, Flexa has assured the users that they will soon be able to use a variety of coins on SPEDN as they are working towards the development.

How To Use The SPEDN App?

Using the SPEDN application is as simple as using any other digital wallet. You just have to follow four simple steps:

  • Deposit Money: You first need to have enough cryptocurrency in the app to function further. For this, you can choose the amount that has to be deposited, and SPEDN will provide you with a deposit address.
  • Shop: Once you have enough cryptocurrency in the wallet, you can shop for whatever you want from any specific retail store.
  • Get Barcode: You will then have to select the store name from the app, and you will receive a unique barcode.
  • Scan: The shop’s cashier will then scan the code, and the payment will get debited automatically.

Currently, it may be challenging for you to spot retail stores that accept cryptocurrency payments. But once this platform becomes popular and people become aware of its benefits, you will be able to use it like any other digital wallet.

Conclusion

Flexa is working to change the entire retail shopping experience for you. Plus, they are making the transactions more beneficial for the shopkeepers. SPEDN is its first app to fulfill the initiative. However, this is just the beginning, and people expect Flexa to bring up more ideas to make the platform even more convenient.