Ring Signatures – Forex Academy

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies are the primary application of blockchain. Transparency and Privacy are two terms that go side by side concerning cryptocurrencies. Users of cryptocurrencies are looking for more and more Privacy with more adaptability of cryptocurrencies. Anyone can open the bitcoin ledger and check the ongoing transactions and find out the users who are transacting and the amounts of the transactions as well. Hence to increase the Privacy of the cryptocurrency network, Ring Signatures have been introduced to cryptocurrencies.

What are Ring Signatures?

Ring signatures are nothing but digital signatures performed by anyone from a group of members but not possible to know who has done the signature. We can add any group of members without any additional setup. The concept was initially developed to leak the information, especially from high ranking individuals. This way, we will not know who leaked the news, but one can ascertain the information is authentic. The concept is developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman and announced at Asiacrypt in 2001.

Since then, there have been certain developments made in the ring signatures called traceable ring signatures to overcome vulnerabilities raised due to malicious or irresponsible people. The modification or further development of this is what is used in crypto note coins developed to overcome the weaknesses of bitcoin. By this development, the ring signatures were effective enough to obscure the sender’s information in the peer to peer transactions.

Now the concept is further developed called Ringed Confidential Transactions (Ring CT’s), which obscures the transaction amount as well instead of obscuring only the sender’s information. Monero Labs formally announced this in 2015. We all know that Privacy is strictly entitled when it comes to the transactions in the Monero platform, and now we know why, i.e., because of the concept of ring signatures.

How Do They Work?

Cryptocurrencies work on the principle of digital signatures. Ring signatures are digital signatures, which are group signatures. Ring signatures require multiple partial digital signatures of different users who may be part of the network already to form a single digital signature, which is used to sign the transaction. Thus, to validate the signature, multiple private keys are required, which wouldn’t be possible to obtain. The name ring came up because of the use of various users’ output to generate a single digital signature.

Let us see an example of a transaction in Monero blockchain and see how the concept of ring signature works.

⭕ A intends to send 50 coins to B in the Monero network basically to B’s Monero crypto wallet and initiates a transaction.

⭕ In general, this transaction would be signed using A’s private/public key combination, but in this case, a unique one time spend key is generated that starts with the output from the sender’s wallet.

⭕ The other signatures are picked up randomly from the users in the ring from the past outputs in the network to create a unique digital signature, which wouldn’t be possible to determine the original signer.

⭕ Even though the public key of the original sender is used, since the signature is created using different users’ previous outputs, it is not possible to determine the sender’s identity.

Ring signatures have started to become vital, especially where Privacy is a matter of concern in cryptocurrency networks. CryptoNote coins are the most well-known coins for Privacy. Monero and Bytecoins are excellent examples which use ring signatures and Ring CT’s.

Introduction

We have seen the in-depth analysis of different cryptos so far and understood that new coins keep coming up, improvising the shortcomings of the previous ones. Monero is such cryptocurrency.

Monero was launched in 2014 as an open-source, privacy-oriented crypto, operating on the concept of blockchain technology to completely anonymize the transactions in the network. Monero literally means coin in Esperanto. This crypto was initially named BitMonero, forked from the codebase of Bytecoin. Later it was renamed as Monero after a different group led by Johnny Mnemonic took over the project.

Objective

Monero aims to make the platform opaque for outside observers completely. The transactions are made entirely obscured by anonymizing the sender and receiver details. This is done by disguising the addresses used by the users transacting on the platform. While all the cryptocurrencies promise the future of privacy, the degree of confidentiality varies. But Monero achieves the full level of privacy, making it a widely used currency in the dark web.

Mining process

Mining Monero doesn’t need any specialized hardware; hence, there is no need for any significant initial investments in mining the coin. Anyone with a computer can mine the coin and earn rewards. The founders believe that everyone is equal, and they didn’t even allocate any percentage of coins for them during its inception. They have just used the funds volunteered by the community to develop the currency.

How is the complete privacy ensured?

To ensure complete privacy, Monero uses features such as ring signatures, stealth addresses, and ring confidential transactions. Let us look at the below briefly.

Ring Signatures: While making a transaction in the blockchain network, one must sign the transaction using his private key. In the case of ring signatures, the private sign of the user transacting is combined with the signatures of the other ten users in the network, thus making a ring signature genuinely anonymous.

Stealth Addresses: These are randomly generated one time used addresses for a transaction using the public key of the user making a transaction. Since these are only used one time, the outside observers will have no idea about the transactions.

Ring Confidential Transactions: Ring CT was introduced in January 2017 to conceal the number of coins being transacted in a transaction. They stopped using Ring CT in October 2018.

Market Cap

Monero stands at 13th place in the world of cryptocurrencies, with the market value of around $1.06 Billion, while the value of each coin is at $61.60 as on 03/11/2019. The 24-hour trading volume is approximately $191 Million, with ~17 Million coins circulating in the market. Monero is traded with the ticker symbol ‘XMR’ in all of the cryptocurrency exchanges.

Challenges faced by Monero

Since Monero ensures complete privacy for the transactions, the usage of the currency is particularly popular in the dark web. While, still Bitcoin holds prominence in both the legitimate and illegitimate transactions across the world, owing to its knowledge amongst the people, there is a slow shift towards Monero with the people who wants to cover their tracks. Certain ransomware attackers demand the money exclusively in Monero to decrypt the encrypted files.

The rich privacy feature has made Monero a popular coin shortly after its inception, while its usage in the dark web markets is widely questioned. That’s about Monero. If you have any questions, let us know in the comments below. Cheers!