Categories
Crypto Daily Topic

The Reality of a Cashless Society 

As the world economy transitions to a digital paradigm, there has been a steep decline in cash use. The shift in payment model was a long time coming since the invention of debit cards and electronic payments platforms a few decades ago. With the advent of online retail stores and fintech payment apps, the use of cash has declined even more, bringing the convenience of making secure transactions from anywhere in the world. Banks have also stepped up their operations by offering online banking services, thereby creating a sustainable cashless ecosystem for seamless transactions. 

While a recent report suggests that cash has maintained its sovereignty in the economy, especially in smaller value transactions, the current Coronavirus pandemic gives an impetus to avoiding unnecessary physical transactions. Countries like France, Japan, Sweden, and the United Arab Emirates are already exploring the feasibility of using a central bank-issued digital currency. Even the People’s Bank of China made a recent bold claim saying that physical cash may one day become obsolete. That said, it is a no brainer that China is spearheading the transition to a cashless economy through its Digital Currency/Electronic Payment (DC/EP) program. 

Advantages of a Cashless Economy 

The radical shift to a cashless economy is set to benefit both the state and the consumers. Some of the most pronounced benefits include: 

i) Efficient transactions

Paying for an item using fiat currency usually takes time since the transactions are processed manually. Consumers have to stuff their pockets with messy banknotes and clunky coins which are exchanged for goods or services. The retailer will then have to take the cash, calculate the goods worth against the amount paid, and then give spare change. For a time-sensitive business, the extended time spent processing transactions manually is detrimental to its overall operations. 

In a cashless economy setting, however, a retailer spends less time processing payments. Through payment solutions such as Apple Pay and Google Pay, users pay the exact amount of their goods worth, thus alleviating retailers the hassle of computing payments. 

ii) Reduced financial crimes

The current fiat currency economy has numerous loopholes that are often exploited to perpetrate financial crimes. This explains why illegal transactions such as money laundering and tax evasion malpractices are common despite governments putting measures to curb these menaces. Similarly, corruption and organized crimes are facilitated by the cash economy model, which lacks a transparent paper trail. 

Transactions made using digital payments are easily traceable since they are recorded in a ledger model. This allows central banks to monitor all transactions and ensure monetary policies are respected. As such, the newfound transparency of a cashless economy is a powerful tool for fighting corruption, tax evasion, and other financial crimes. Actually, one of the main reasons why China is aggressively pushing the development of its DC/EP is to protect its capital borders by tracking illicit cash flow into the country using the digital payment models. From a consumer’s view, a cashless society also means that there is no tangible money for criminals to steal. 

iii) Reduced cost of cash infrastructure

The infrastructure supporting the cash economy framework tends to be expensive for financial institutions and retailers who are the key recipient of all the cash in circulation. Think of ATMs and Point of Sale (PoS) machines and other secondary infrastructure that need upgrades and regular maintenance to keep them functional. All payments in a cashless economy are transacted in a digital model, eliminating the need for cash infrastructure. Overall, the cost of processing payments reduces saving banks and retailers’ resources that can be channeled into other administrative areas. 

Hidden Dangers of a cashless economy 

Sure, a cashless economy has its perks, but much like any other great leap forward, there are issues to be wary of. 

i) Financial inclusion is undermined

As the World Bank works to promote financial inclusion, the sprouting digital economy that forms the basis of a cashless economy may counter efforts to raise the public’s access to financial services. For starters, certain members of society aren’t tech-savvy, particularly the older generation. This group of people prefers paying in cash as they aren’t familiar with navigating the electronic payments to make a purchase. Moreover, cashless payments are reliant on supporting infrastructures such as internet-enabled devices and electricity. In underdeveloped areas where these infrastructures aren’t available, the population there risks being frozen out of financial services. 

ii) Security and privacy concerns

There is a general concern that the incoming cashless economy will be used as a surveillance tool. Keeping in mind that all digital payments are transparent and offer a traceable paper trail, it is easy to see why a cashless economy is a potential threat to personal privacy and security. 

In China, where the central bank (PBoC) is working on digitizing the national currency, it is feared that the government will have absolute control of citizens’ economic freedom. 

Think of the numerous times big tech companies such as Facebook and Google have been found guilty of misusing users’ data. Now, imagine what an authoritarian government can do with citizens’ data sourced from a cashless economy! 

iii) The high cost of infrastructure

As mentioned earlier, a cashless economy saves banks and retailers the cost of infrastructure required to process fiat cash payments. At the same time, setting up the infrastructure to support the cashless economy isn’t cheap either. For the well-established business, the transition to a cashless economy won’t be a big deal as they can afford the required infrastructure. However, small business owners will have to bear the initial cost of investing in the new infrastructure. Although it’s a one-time investment, businesses with limited cash flow may struggle to transition to the cashless economy model. 

iv)Loss of jobs

There has always been the fear of professionals losing jobs to automated processes. Unfortunately, the case isn’t different in a cashless economy where digital payment processors will take over the role of cashiers and bank tellers. Accountants and auditors are also at risk of losing their jobs as the reconciliation of invoices and tracking of transactions will become streamlined, thus requiring less effort from these two professionals. 

Setting the stage for a cashless economy 

The cashless economy is an inevitable revolution in the world of finance. While it comes with unique benefits, it raises worrying concerns that cannot be ignored. Therefore for this economic model to work, the benefits should be balanced with the drawbacks. This will help create a viable cashless economic framework that satisfies its purpose without jeopardizing the convenience of the existing cash economy. Here are some few recommendations to achieve a viable cashless economy: 

Make cashless payments optional

Keeping in mind that cashless payments may lock the less tech-savvy population out of financial services, cash payments shouldn’t be abolished entirely. As such, the two models, cash and cashless economies, need to co-exist to ensure everyone has access to guarantee maximum financial inclusion. 

Collaboration with key stakeholders

Innovative fintech start-ups have largely promoted the growth of a cashless economy. However, there hasn’t been much collaboration between fintech companies and banks who play a crucial role in the circulation of money. Most governments have also been less involved in fintech developments. As such, the cashless economy has grown slower than the anticipated rate due to the lack of collaboration between these entities.

The challenge here is that fintech companies have failed to win users’ trust as far as data privacy is concerned. On the other hand, banks and governments have won a relatively high level of trust from the public. In this case, the three entities must work together to leverage each other’s contributions. The fintech companies have the innovations and tools to design cashless payment solutions, while the banks and governments have the public’s trust and money required to fund the solutions. 

Conclusion

As tech solutions intersect all spheres of life, it makes sense that the payment systems evolve into digital solutions. That’s why it’s exciting to learn that central banks are working to develop digital currencies in line with the incoming cashless economy. The existing digital payment model can be used as a benchmark for addressing the concerns of a cashless economy while also anticipating the innovation demands of new customers. 

Categories
Crypto Daily Topic

How Blockchain can Improve Trade Finance

Blockchain technology continues to dominate headlines across the world thanks to its revolutionary solutions. In fact, an almost never-ending list of projects have been rolled out in various industries, demonstrating the benefits of this technology. 

The global trade finance market in particular is a fertile ground for blockchain solutions given the inefficiencies and fraud vulnerabilities plaguing the industry. The paper processes involved in the current trade finance framework need to be upgraded to digital operations and blockchain could play a big role in this transformation. 

How  Trade Finance Works

Basically, blockchain solutions aim at filling the gaps in an industry’s operational processes. For this reason, it helps to understand how the trade finance industry runs, so as to identify blockchain’s potential entry point. 

Trade finance refers to the financial products and companies that facilitate international trade. This means that there are several third-parties involved in a successful trade, adding cumulative costs. 

For example, imagine a local company seeks to import goods from an overseas company. The importer needs to pay for the goods but is hesitant to do so before full proof that the goods will arrive as ordered. The exporter on the other hand is also hesitant to ship the goods without proof that payments will be sent for the goods supplied. This is where intermediaries come in.

To ensure that both companies keep the end of their bargain, the importer’s bank sends a letter of credit to the exporter, promising to pay for the goods. However, the payment can only be made once the importer receives a document showing that the goods have been loaded into a cargo for shipping. 

This trade finance framework has been in place for quite a long time, with lots of paperwork being sent back and forth between the importer and exporter. It gets even more intricate with the involvement of freight forwarders, insurers and other small companies, making it prone to errors and frauds; not to mention the time and money used in the process. 

Utilizing Blockchain in Trade Finance

Blockchain, as a distributed ledger system, has the ability to streamline trade finance by creating an  end-to-end network where exporters and importers can engage directly. Here’s a quick primer on how blockchain can improve trade finance:

i) Increased Efficiency

By eliminating the need for an intermediary, blockchain can create a trade finance ecosystem where the importers and exporters share trade-related data in real-time. This would go a long way into minimizing delays and errors, thereby cutting the cost of documentation and increasing transaction speed.

ii) Maintaining compliance

A typical trade finance transaction requires the constant update of documents especially those related to regulatory and financial policies. This results in numerous paperwork and an opportunity for errors leading to expensive fines and lawsuits. 

With a blockchain-based finance trade platform, all the necessary data is stored in a decentralized ledger for relevant parties to access. As such, it becomes easier to update the documents in compliance with the relevant authorities. 

iii) Transparency 

Since blockchain is decentralized, all involved parties in trade finance transactions can view and approve the necessary documents throughout the transactional cycle. What’s better, the ledger system can keep an account of all transactions including the past and the recent ones, all in a tamper-proof record. This way, it is easier for financial institutions to conduct an audit on all transactions, further reducing the risk of fraud. 

iv) Eliminates Double Spending 

Blockchain enables traders to initiate smart contracts which ensures that all trading procedures are dutifully executed. For importers, smart contracts ensure they only pay for the right amount of goods as ordered while ensuring the exporters don’t change the number of goods. As such, there won’t be a scenario where the importer spends more than what is documented in the original bill of lading. 

v) Tracking of Goods

One of the most classic applications of blockchain is in the supply chain, where it is applied to track goods and streamline the process. Trade finance’s intricate supply chain can therefore benefit a lot from the integration of blockchain into its logistics. As such, it’ll be easier for importers to track their goods and even mitigate potential delays, which increases confidence between trading partners. 

More advanced trade finance blockchain solutions also offer special tracking options such as weather conditions, temperature and safety of the goods. Such details are essential when shipping delicate or weather-sensitive goods. 

However, before blockchain can be fully integrated into the trade finance industry, there are a couple of improvements that should be made.

  • Interoperability

Currently, it is quite difficult to implement blockchain solutions in trade finance given that the parties involved often work independently. For blockchain to penetrate the trade finance industry, the global trading partners, financial institutions, shipping companies, and other key stakeholders need to talk in the same digital language. 

Unfortunately, to some of the parties involved, trade finance isn’t necessarily their highest priority. So, they might not be interested in switching to blockchain solutions. In the case of a bank, for instance, the financial support they provide to importers and exporters is just a piece of their larger service package. 

  • Security Vulnerabilities

Blockchain by itself is a secure technology leveraging the power of cryptography to safeguard all transactions, or rather data, recorded in the system. But, the technology has to be modified to suit the trade finance market. Usually, the modification is done using additional technologies and coding languages, which end up creating loopholes in the ledger’s security. 

  • Regulatory Barriers and Costs 

Blockchain is a new technology whose concepts and functionality hasn’t been adequately addressed by existing regulations. This explains why trade finance executives have a problem adopting blockchain solutions, despite their evidential benefits. 

Blockchain developers and entrepreneurs have also been on the receiving end of harsh government regulations, crippling their efforts in developing better blockchain solutions for trade finance. 

On top of it all, upgrading from the existing trade finance infrastructure to blockchain-based solutions is overly expensive. 

Conclusion 

Trade finance has for long played a huge role in the economic growth of every country. While it’s current framework serves the purpose, the industry could benefit from upgrading to blockchain, especially in the current modern times where most activities run on technology. Nonetheless, the success of blockchain technology in the trade finance industry hinges on the wide-scale adoption of the technology.