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Crypto Guides

‘Cryptokitties’ – The Innovative Blockchain Based Recreational System

Introduction

Cryptokitties is a first blockchain-based leisure game created for entertainment. It is developed by Vancouver based blockchain company Axiom Zen on the Ethereum platform. The game was widely recognized by the people in 2017 when it congested the entire Ethereum network due to its popularity. The game uses the concepts of Ethereum smart contracts to track the ownership of kitties on the platform.

The gaming platform allows people to purchase, collect, and breed against each other to produce new virtual kitties and sell them as per their traits. People have spent millions of dollars on virtual kitties on the gaming platform. The most expensive crypto kitty sold was for around $1,70,000, which was equivalent to 600 ETH in September 2018.

How does it work?

Cryptokitties was the first-ever commercial application to be introduced on Ethereum. The platform uses the non-fungible token (NFT) or nifty, which is unique to each kitty. NFT’s are unlike cryptocurrencies, which can be exchanged in any way. NFT’s represent the uniqueness of the product associated with it. NFT’s were used in the field of art to secure their uniqueness in the blockchain platform. No one can transfer cryptokitties from one user to another without the owners’ permission, not the creators of the game as well.

People make money by buying the virtual kitties, and as they are allowed to breed them, they breed them with other kitties to gain unique characteristics for the offspring. This is achieved because each virtual kitty carries a unique number and 256-bit distinct genome and different cattributes (attributes for cats, hence cattributes) that can be passed to the next generation, just as we humans do. Any cat has 12 cattributes, eye shape, base color, mouth shape, fur, eye color, optional wild, pattern, environment, purrstige, and secret. These are passable cattributes.

Other cattributes like cool downtime, i.e., time taken to rest after giving birth to the virtual kitty, are not passable and depend on the parents’ maximum generation time. It is generally one higher than the maximum generation time of parents. It is not that easy to breed your kitties, it requires time and patience, and hence the price of the kitty is determined by the best characters it holds.

How to buy Cryptokitties?

Well, it is pretty much straightforward. One should have a browser; chrome works better. A Metamask wallet, and since the platform is based on the Ethereum platform, we should have Ether in our wallet to adopt/buy virtual kitties.

Hence, a user should go to cryptokitties market place and search for the kitty that they may like. If they don’t like any of them that they see, they can go to the Gen0 tab and buy them. Gen0 are the kitties directly created by the smart contracts but not the offspring of any kitties available in the market place. People generally prefer the Gen0 kitties thinking they might have unique characteristics. The breeding of two Gen0 kitties will give birth to the Gen1 kitty.

Once you bought a kitty, you can go to the siring tab for choosing a mate to your kitty and start breeding your kitty to have more virtual kitties. This is how you adapt and sire your kitties.

Gas Consumption

Cryptokitties smart contracts are very gas hungry smart contracts due to the popular demand. At a certain point in time, the demand was so high that a lot of transactions in the Ethereum platform remained unverified for a more extended period due to which Ethereum forced the company to increase the gas prices to confirm the transactions quickly.

Conclusion

While cryptokitties are the first significant leisure and gaming DAPP developed not only in the Ethereum platform but also in the first time, people adopted it pretty quickly. The DAPP also pointed out a significant scalability issue in the Ethereum platform, which should be addressed by the blockchain platform for the adoption of many mainstream platforms.

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Crypto Guides

What Should You Know About Cryptoeconomics?

Introduction

Cryptoeconomics is a gentle combination of both cryptography and economics, i.e. incentives, as the name suggests. Cryptoeconomics ensures the decentralized peer to peer (P2P) network is viable and dependable for the proposed transactions on a P2P network. A general misconception when people come across the word Cryptoeconomics is that it is a field in economics, but it isn’t true. The use of cryptography and economic incentives to run a decentralized network without malicious attacks as it isn’t governed by anyone is Cryptoeconomics.

Why Cryptoeconomics?

The P2P networks are not new with the invention of blockchain and cryptocurrencies in our lives. Torrents sites have been using decentralized P2P networks for decades to share files. The general principle is that whenever you download a file from torrents, you are supposed to seed a file which can be useful for anyone else to download. In general, that is how we are creating content in the torrents for others to download.

This is not hard and fast rule but depends on the honor code. Human Beings are, in general, not honorary; hence most of the people don’t even know that a file should be seeded in return for a download, and hence the system has been a big failure. Hence incentives have been introduced in the cryptocurrency platforms, including cryptographic has functions for security purposes.

How does it work?

Let us see how Cryptoeconomics work using the example of Bitcoin. In 2008 bitcoin white paper was released, showing a first-ever way to use Cryptoeconomics with a practical and live example by minting a bitcoin by January 2009. Not only does the incentive concept evolved, but Bitcoin successfully overcomes the concept of the Byzantine Generals problem to create a perfect consensus mechanism called Proof of Work. Let us see in detail how cryptography and economics play a role in the bitcoin platform.

Properties of Bitcoin that have come due to cryptographic hash functions

Bitcoin works on blockchain technology, which is a continuous chain of blocks linked together with cryptographic hash functions.

Each block contains a predefined number of transactions with a hash of all the transactions combined.

The platform is immutable, i.e., already added, and sealed blocks are not subject to any change, but new blocks can be added.

Only valid transactions are allowed and added to a block using a consensus mechanism; in the case of bitcoin, it is PoW.

The blockchain is accessible by anyone in the world, as this is a permissionless system.

If a high transaction fee is paid, the transaction can be verified and committed to the blockchain quickly. We had seen many examples in 2017 when the bitcoin price zoomed to be highest ever.

It should be easy to retrieve information on any transaction confirmed in the blockchain. This is possible using the concept of the Merkle tree.

Some of the main functions which run the bitcoin blockchain platform are

  • Hashing
  • Digital Signatures
  • Mining
  • Proof of Work

Economics

As we discussed before, the fundamental difference between blockchain P2P networks and other P2P networks is the incentive model. For getting any work done, the work should be rewarded using appropriate incentives as motivation. At the same time, the tone should be punished if the work is not adequately done or done in a malicious way to create a loss in the network.

How are the participants rewarded in the network?

  • The participants are paid in native cryptocurrency of the network for actively participating in running the network and confirming the transactions as required.
  • The most recent winner of the block is incentivized with local cryptocurrency. Some privileges like what transactions should be added in the block and charge transaction fees to add the transaction in the block kind of decision-making rights are also given.
  • Simultaneously, wrong participants are fined, or their decision-making rights are snatched away as required.

Now a question might be raised like how does cryptocurrency have a value? The answer is simple: how a fiat currency or gold has value, supply, and demand. A whole lot of other factors like the network integrity, number of coins in circulation, is the network affected by a hack recently, history and purpose of the coin in the first place, and a lot of stuff. To determine all these parameters and how the miners maintain their integrity without being malicious is based on the concept of Game Theory and Nash Equilibrium, which we will be delving into in our further articles.

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Crypto Guides

Brief Introduction To The Revolutionary ‘Neo’ Blockchain

Introduction

Neo is an open-source, decentralized blockchain platform founded in 2014 by Da HongFei and Erik Zhang. These are the same duo who started Shanghai-based blockchain R&D company’ OnChain.’ Neo is often known as Ethereum of China due to its similarities, but the project has its own set of goals, which we will be looking further in this article.

Neo is formerly known as Antshares, and the rebranding happened in 2017. Since the rebranding, the company’s motive is to achieve a smart economy using blockchain technology and an essential feature of blockchain smart contracts to issue and manage digitized assets.

Neo wants to achieve a smart economy by giving digital identity to digitize assets and further use automation in the management of digital assets using smart contracts and henceforth achieving a smart economy using a distributed network.

Digital Assets + Digital Identity + Smart Contracts = Smart Economy.

Let us look into the three components that make up the smart economy in detail below:

Digital Assets

Digital Assets are anything that exists in a binary format and with a right to use. The right to use property is essential for a digital asset to exist. Any asset that can be stored digitally can be said as a digital asset. Some examples of digital assets include logos, images, illustrations, presentations, spreadsheets, etc. Assets can be easily digitized on the neo platform is a transparent, trustworthy, and auditable manner. The Neo platform allows the linking of a physical asset with a digital avatar using digital identity, which is valid by law. Thus, the platform protects the assets.

Two forms of digital assets

Global Assets: These are assets that are recognized by all smart contracts and clients.

Contract Assets: These are assets that are only recognized by specific smart contracts and cannot be used in other contracts

Digital Identity

Identity can be defined as a set of attributes that relate to an entity. Neo enables the creation of identity information of individuals, organizations, and entities in an electronic form, thus making it digital. It does this by verifying identity using fingerprints, facial recognition, voice recognition, and SMS. For the smooth functioning of digital assets, digital identity is essential. Neo uses X.509 digital identity standard, which is a widely accepted digital issuance model.

Smart Contracts

Smart contracts are any piece of self-execution code when a predefined specific set of instructions are met. Smart contracts are immutable and should be able to run on multiple nodes without compromising its integrity. Neo requires three essential features for smart contracts; they are deterministic, terminable, and isolated. Smart contracts can be codes in any mainstream coding language like C#, Java, Go.

Key Characteristics of Neo

🔗 Neo uses dBFT, Delegated Byzantine Fault tolerance model for consensus mechanism. In dBFT consensus, nodes are chosen by Neo holders to generate blocks and validate the transactions. In turn, they have to hold certain Neo tokens as a threshold and maintain some performance requirements.

🔗 Neo’s transaction speeds are considered to be one of the highest among the available with 1000 TPS. High transactions per second lead to centralization by only a few users mining and validating the transactions.

🔗 The platform supports all the mainstream coding languages for smart contracts, which helps prevent developers from learning new languages to work on the platform.

Neo has two local tokens, Neo and Gas. Neo is used to create blocks and manage the network while Gas is the fuel that powers transactions in the Neo system.

Many Governments across the world are trying to incorporate blockchain functionalities into the day to day activities of the running of the government to achieve a smart economy. Neo, with its faster transaction speeds and with its core fundamentals, enable the goal to accomplish in a much quicker fashion.

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Crypto Guides

Formal Verification – A Method That Makes Smart Contracts Extra Secure!

Introduction

The smart contracts are now used extensively in the crypto and blockchain space for various use cases, especially for transactions involving a very high volume of money. Hence, it has been more critical than ever to check out smart contracts for any vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities are the reasons for hacking some of the cryptocurrency platforms, even though the blockchain network is very secure. Hence the timely audits and formal verifications are must both concerning hardware and software to ensure optimal security.

What is Formal Verification?

Formal verification is a method used to check whether the software of hardware systems matches the intended requirement. A particular type of mathematical technique is used to know the intended requirement matches or not. Using these mathematical techniques to check the level of the algorithm of correctness as per the requirement is known as formal verification.

Testing hardware or software with formal verification can be broken down into 2 phases, validation, and verification. Validation determines whether the product meets the user’s needs while verification is testing whether the product works as per the specifications provided.

While formal verification used to be done mostly for the hardware components, it is increasing the testing in software components as well. As there is no third-party involvement in vast transfers of the money, these are autonomous transfers. Hence, smart contracts should be robust enough without any faults.

Why is Formal Verification used for Smart Contracts?

Ethereum is a Turing complete machine, started utilizing the concept of smart contracts. Hence an analysis has been done on around one million smart contracts of Ethereum to check their robustness. It has been found that nearly around 32,000 contracts are faulty. The contracts are seen to be flawed because they were found to either lock the funds indefinitely or release the funds to arbitrary users, and anyone could kill the contract.

Given the nature of the immutability of smart contracts, if these problems aren’t detected before the deployment of the agreement, it will create serious issues once the code is deployed.

Platforms using formal verification

Many platforms that are using smart contracts robustly are trying to integrate formal verification into their platforms. Let us see some of them below:

Cardano

Cardano’s smart contract language is Plutus, which is based on Haskell. Cardano is basically written in Haskell. Cardano is designed with the Cardano computational layer, which by default consists of two layers while one allows formally specified languages used for checking the code of the smart contract, and the other is a defined officially virtual machine and language framework. The default layers’ goal is to check the smart contracts to avoid severe vulnerabilities in smart contracts without any additional requirements.

Ethereum

Ethereum has been trying to incorporate formal verification for a long time now since it has many smart contracts functioning on the platforms. They have even come up with a publication called “making smart contracts smarter.” This publication focuses on smart contracts bugs and mainly focuses on ways to mitigate them. This includes the change in operational semantics of Ethereum to inbuilt formal verification.

There are certain challenges in implementing formal verification in the Ethereum platform. One is gas limits, and the other one is its solidity programming language. To understand solidity, it should be compiled into bytecode. The compiler changes rapidly, so the verification tools should be in tandem with the speed of the compiler.

Conclusion

Measuring the positive impact of formal verification in the smart contracts will take some time since the adoption is slow. Many are realizing just yet the vulnerabilities of smart contracts, and given its substantial financial transactions, the weaknesses should be captured effectively and curtailed at the very beginning to restrict the losses.

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Crypto Guides

What are Sidechains & What is their Purpose?

Introduction

Sidechains are mechanisms that enable the transfer of existing tokens or digital assets from a blockchain platform to another blockchain platform. The tokens or digital assets can be transferred back to the original blockchain if required. The primary platform from which we transfer the assets is called the parent chain or main chain, while the other platform is called sidechain. Ardor blockchain calls the sidechain as childchain.

Sidechains have enormous potential to transform the existing issues of scalability in the blockchain platforms. The transfer need not be only digital assets or tokens, but we may transfer computing or for speeding purposes as well, depending on the processing requirements. We can have many sidechains for a single parent chain.

How do they work?

Sidechain is indeed a separate blockchain platform connected with the leading blockchain platform using a two-way peg. The two-way peg is a method to convert one digital token to another type of token like BTC to ETH. The two-way peg facilitates the transfer of digital assets at a predetermined rate. A user on the parent chain first sends coins to an output address so that they can be blocked.

To ensure that these coins aren’t spent elsewhere, a protocol is followed. Once the transaction is complete, the information is sent to all the chains. Some extra period is used to wait as well to increase security. Once this is done, the same number of coins are released in the sidechain for user access and spending. The same process can be repeated when the tokens are to be sent from sidechain to the main chain. Some other entities come into the picture to run the sidechains seamlessly. They are as below.

Federations

A federation can be called as a group or server which acts between the main chain and a side chain. The sidechain creators can decide federation members. They decide on when to lock the coins and release the coins for spending and vice versa.

Security

The core reason for anyone to move to the blockchain platform is security. So, one may question what about the security aspects in the sidechains. Even though they are connected, they are on their own in terms of security. Both platforms are individual blockchain platforms and are very secure individually.

Further, if there is any disturbance in one platform, the disturbance will not be carried out to the other. The sidechains use separate miners from the main chain. They are incentivized using merged mining. Merged mining refers to the mechanism of mining two or more cryptocurrencies at the same time based on the same algorithm.

Platforms using Sidechains 

Rootstock or RSK

RSK has two-way peg connectivity with the Bitcoin platform. RSK’s vision is to enable smart contracts functionality for bitcoin blockchain, increase scalability, thus faster transactions. Miners are rewarded through merged mining. As of now, the platform supports 100 TPS.

Liquid

Liquid sidechain proposes instant movement of funds between exchanges without waiting for the delay in confirmation from the bitcoin blockchain. This is the first commercial sidechain developed by Blockstream.

Advantages of Sidechains

  • Enhances the scalability of the mainchain, thus increasing the number of transactions per second.
  • Need not create a sidechain again and again; once created, they can be used for any purpose.
  • They enable the communication between two different coins, which helps in the testing of beta coins in the sidechain before the official launch.

Conclusion

The scalability issues of blockchain technology are addressed in different ways, but sidechains are very promising. The communication between two different cryptocurrencies paves ways to multiple features. Transactions costs and time will be reduced as the burden is less for the mainchain. The concept is going to create a massive change in the blockchain technology in the upcoming future.

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Can Blockchain Be A Potential Solution For Personal Data Leaks?

Introduction

Personal identity has been a matter of concern in this digital world. Wherever you go, you have to prove that you are indeed the person whom you claim you are if it is a physical world with some government-issued ids. Mostly all the banks in the world have to have the customary Know Your Customer (KYC)/Anti Money Laundering (AML) laws if you have to open a bank account. The government mandates this.

This process is very costly and time consuming for the banks but is of no personal benefit for the organization. If we have to log in to a website, we input our details or login using Google or Facebook account, given all our personal information to these websites. By this, we are entering our details into a server that we don’t have any control over. Which means they can do anything with our data.

All this process creates a lot of siloes of data, with different government or private organizations around the world. Most importantly, we never have control over what they can or cannot do with the data they collect.

Can Blockchain be a solution for our data?

Instead of giving access to our data to anyone and everyone as the government or organization demands to use their services, what if we create a central repository of data in a blockchain platform. Can this be a solution to secure our data? We can say it’s a yes.

Let us examine how using a Hyperledger Indy project which is a platform being developed for identity management.

Hyperledger Indy

Hyperledger Indy is a decentralized ledger platform for Identity Management. Works on the plenum platform, which is similar to smart contracts but tuned for verifying digital identity. Uses Redundant Byzantine Fault Tolerance as a consensus algorithm. Trust anchors play the role of miners and verify transactions in the platform.

Let us understand Hyperledger Indy using an example.

Let’s say Bob is required to apply for a job, and he needs an academic transcript for the same. Bob gets in touch with his university by creating a unique DID, Distributed Identifier using her public key. This DID verifiable by the trust anchors ascertaining that the request is indeed coming from Bob. If the trust anchors accept the transaction, then only a unique pairwise relationship is formed between Bob and the university. Hence Bob gets the academic transcript using this unique pairwise relationship using DID.

Bob applies for the job by creating a new DID with the company and produce his academic transcript. Again, a unique pairwise relationship is formed in this case because Bob doesn’t want his academic transcript to be leaked. Here the employer can verify the academic transcript with the university with Bob’s consent. But the information cannot be leaked with the same DID to some other employer or some other institution because the DID is already used, and Bob didn’t give his consent to share the information with anyone else. Trust anchors reject the transaction.

This is how unique pairwise relationships can be formed using DID’s and personal data can be protected without leaking the data with the owner’s consent.

Self-Sovereign Identity

A self-sovereign identity, i.e., a user should have complete control over his or her identity. If the user has self-control, then how to prove that the identity being shared is indeed true or not without any third-party intervention? Blockchain is the solution. A platform that is publicly available but individually confidential can be created with issuing authorities given permission to authenticate the identity.

Blockchain stores only cryptographic hash functions, and the concerned authorities can verify even without knowing that it is you who they are validating, they have to cross-check if they indeed issue the proof. If we have to submit an age proof, only age can be authenticated without giving away any other details. A project called Sovrin is already working on this type of identity management.

Blockchain is going to be the future for Identity Management. It has already been proven with the platforms described above.

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Applications of Blockchain In The Publication industry

Introduction

The publication industry is again an age-old industry that is struggling to find its place in the digital world. Like many industries, the industry has turned towards blockchain to figure out a solution for their woes. Many people are switching to digital for their reading purposes, say it books, newspapers, journals, or anything of that kind.

Hence the publishing industry’s revenue model, traditional distribution, is just not working anymore. Thus, many content creators are turning to digital, but with a lot of piracy and free content available digitally, it has proved robust to generate money. Using smart contracts to publish and make money using blockchain is one viable option.

Problems grappling the publication industry

When we say publishing, for a lot of people, only newspapers and books may come into mind. But publishing is not just tagged to these two, any content like software, videogames, apps, songs that can be created and shared for consumption can be said as publishing.

⚫ Intellectual Property & Copyright Management

This is the first and foremost problem the publication industry is currently facing. No one wants to publish anything without involving money. Once the content is out, anyone can make copies of it and distribute stuff for a lesser price than the original content. Blockchain can quickly solve this issue if the material is published in blockchain. If this technology can do one thing for sure, that is, its capability to store who owns the data.

⚫ Production

Once the work is completed, many people will be involved in publishing the work, like Publication company, editors, design, marketing, management, etc. These days anyone can print a book on their own if required, but high-quality books aimed at right people with proper marketing still need big publication houses. Instead of following the centralized way, if the content is published and shared using blockchains before making it to the market, many freelancers can gain if different works like design, editing, and stuff can be shared through the platform.

⚫ Revenue Generation

Digital copies will generate money based on the traffic to a particular blog or website. Ads will increase if the traffic is more. The content creators will be paid accordingly. But, in reality, we are relying on and trusting the third-party channel on the payments. This is not working out for most of the content creators. Blockchain solves this issue by generating views using transactions. Every view can make a transaction costing the consumer for the view. Even the consumers will be happy to pay the actual content creators instead of duplicate providers.

⚫ There’s More

Apart from general problems, let’s talk about education journals. Many academic researchers, Ph.D. students, professors of the best universities have to contribute their work on their field of study in the form of some papers. Only then, they can climb the ladder and earn some fame for their work. These papers are published in very high-priced journals, which in turn don’t pay anything for the job, but the authors agree to give away their work for absolutely nothing because that’s the only way to get published.

Blockchain can create a platform for these academicians and help them get paid. Orvium is such a platform founded by former CERN and NASA employees. Reviewers of the work may charge for their services using the platform, as peer review is a must for academic publications. In turn, academicians can charge for their work to be viewed by the general public or can choose to make it completely free.

There are many startups in the publishing industry on the blockchain. Publica is for book ICO’s. Many publishers depend on the publication houses for advances when they have to start a book, but this platform allows the users to pay in advance in the form of some tokens where they will get their copies once the work is completed.

Blockchain can be used in the publishing industry in different ways as per the above for much-needed respite for the industry.

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Crypto Guides

How Do ‘Ring Signatures’ Increase The Privacy Of A Crypto Network

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies are the primary application of blockchain. Transparency and Privacy are two terms that go side by side concerning cryptocurrencies. Users of cryptocurrencies are looking for more and more Privacy with more adaptability of cryptocurrencies. Anyone can open the bitcoin ledger and check the ongoing transactions and find out the users who are transacting and the amounts of the transactions as well. Hence to increase the Privacy of the cryptocurrency network, Ring Signatures have been introduced to cryptocurrencies.

What are Ring Signatures?

Ring signatures are nothing but digital signatures performed by anyone from a group of members but not possible to know who has done the signature. We can add any group of members without any additional setup. The concept was initially developed to leak the information, especially from high ranking individuals. This way, we will not know who leaked the news, but one can ascertain the information is authentic. The concept is developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman and announced at Asiacrypt in 2001.

Since then, there have been certain developments made in the ring signatures called traceable ring signatures to overcome vulnerabilities raised due to malicious or irresponsible people. The modification or further development of this is what is used in crypto note coins developed to overcome the weaknesses of bitcoin. By this development, the ring signatures were effective enough to obscure the sender’s information in the peer to peer transactions.

Now the concept is further developed called Ringed Confidential Transactions (Ring CT’s), which obscures the transaction amount as well instead of obscuring only the sender’s information. Monero Labs formally announced this in 2015. We all know that Privacy is strictly entitled when it comes to the transactions in the Monero platform, and now we know why, i.e., because of the concept of ring signatures.

How Do They Work?

Cryptocurrencies work on the principle of digital signatures. Ring signatures are digital signatures, which are group signatures. Ring signatures require multiple partial digital signatures of different users who may be part of the network already to form a single digital signature, which is used to sign the transaction. Thus, to validate the signature, multiple private keys are required, which wouldn’t be possible to obtain. The name ring came up because of the use of various users’ output to generate a single digital signature.

Let us see an example of a transaction in Monero blockchain and see how the concept of ring signature works.

⭕ A intends to send 50 coins to B in the Monero network basically to B’s Monero crypto wallet and initiates a transaction.

⭕ In general, this transaction would be signed using A’s private/public key combination, but in this case, a unique one time spend key is generated that starts with the output from the sender’s wallet.

⭕ The other signatures are picked up randomly from the users in the ring from the past outputs in the network to create a unique digital signature, which wouldn’t be possible to determine the original signer.

⭕ Even though the public key of the original sender is used, since the signature is created using different users’ previous outputs, it is not possible to determine the sender’s identity.

Ring signatures have started to become vital, especially where Privacy is a matter of concern in cryptocurrency networks. CryptoNote coins are the most well-known coins for Privacy. Monero and Bytecoins are excellent examples which use ring signatures and Ring CT’s.

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Can we Improve Our Forecasting With The Help of Blockchain?

Introduction

Blockchain forecasting is something that is picking up momentum these days. We can use Blockchain for both demand forecasting as well as general views of the public, where polling used to be the case for decades now. One of the critical factors of cryptocurrencies is its unpredictability. It’s the reason for its popularity among the retail investors, but at the same institutional investors stay away due to the very reason. Hence using Blockchain for forecasting is a bit of irony, but it has started proving its mettle in the prediction as well.

Demand Forecasting

Creating a demand forecasting is being proved to be a really tough deal because of the quality of the data. At the enterprise level, demand forecasting is done mostly based on the old data. For example, due to the COVID19 situation worldwide, demand has been slumped to almost zero other than essential goods.

If we consider this data for next year’s forecast, we will be doomed with the figures that come as a result. Hence, we need quality data when it comes to demand forecasting. Many enterprises have different sets of data internally and externally as per their requirement for forecasting. Enterprises using ERP and CRM systems have the code inbuilt, and it would be very tough to change the logic as per the recent evolutions in the market.

When we take FMCG companies, each company have their own set of data, but they won’t share the data with other FMCG companies due to various constraints. If they come together on a blockchain platform and share only essential data leaving inventory, pricing, and other confidential details, it would be beneficial for the whole industry. The data should be immutable, permissioned so that only people with access can view it.

If we combine the blockchain technology with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, we can extract more value from the data set. Using AI, we can know why the demand was deficient this time when we check the forecasting for next year. Alternately based on geographical conditions, weather, any external factors like elections period, if we input these fields demand that particular, region, or for a store can be easily predicted with these combined new technologies.

Predictive Data

Often during election times or with some programs as well, people or audiences of the program are asked questions to know the opinion of the people. Usually, a huge amount of data is received, which is a strength in numbers. One’s opinion on a given topic depends on the personal experience, prejudice, bias with the information available to them, which may be correct or wrong.

But what if the individuals have more data? With better quality and quantity of data, people might come up with more accurate predictions. Blockchains are, of course, made for collecting a large amount of data on a decentralized platform. Hence a blockchain prediction project can take multiple data points and come up with an accurate forecast on the input generally like prices would go up or down, consumption is likely to increase or decrease. Usually, precise predictions on what is going to happen next can be known.

Hence Blockchain is foraying into forecasting and gives more reliable forecasted figures when combined with AI/ML than any other forecasting model we have today.

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Importance of ‘Interoperability’ In The Blockchain Technology

What Is Interoperability?

Interoperability is the ability of software systems or two different systems to connect and exchange information. In this connected world, there are always different systems that would connect so that the required data is provided as needed. The best example of interoperability can be termed as a web page working on a web browser if they are of the same standard.

Why do we need interoperability in blockchain?

In today’s world, we use different software, which essentially integrates to provide the resultant output. In the case of varying blockchain platforms are being developed for various purposes. Often in the same industrial space, different platforms are built, and these platforms do not know another platform.

For example, the bitcoin blockchain has no information about Ethereum blockchain. This creates a lot of siloes in the industry. Often new platforms come into picture claiming there more secure, scalable, immutable competing with the rivals. This creates a wastage in terms of resources, money, and energy of different teams.

Why is it crucial for blockchain?

To make mass adoption possible for blockchain technology. Every other platform is competing with each other to increase the scalability of blockchain. The original bitcoin blockchain was capable of sending only seven transactions per second. Later new projects came up and eventually achieved around 40,000 TPS. While Visa, Mastercard achieve approximately 24,000 TPS, but in reality, they need only 1700 TPS as per the real-world stats to be viable even with the ever-present demand.

Hence 40,000 TPS is not essential at all. Instead of concentrating on scalability, it would be better to consider improving the technology as such. Even if scalability is achieved as required in case of no interoperability, one cannot use the blockchain tech wherever needed as we use a MasterCard/visa as they can be used anywhere across the world. Hence interoperability is essential for blockchain for mass adoption.

Let us see some of the examples of platforms which allows the blockchain interoperability below:

Polkadot

Polkadot was developed by Gavin Wood, a co-founder of Ethereum. Polkadot is essentially a multichain or cross-chain technology that allows different blockchain platforms to be plugged into a more extensive system. Technically, Polkadot accomplishes parachains i.e., it will enable the processing of transactions parallelly between different blockchains and relays to the main blockchain through bridges. Polkadot not only transmits transactions between blockchains but also data is transferred. Information is transferred in the form of smart contracts and the abilities that come up with them.

Cosmos

Cosmos is just like Polkadot; it also follows a cross-chain principle. The essential difference between cosmos and Polkadot is that it only concentrates on facilitating transactions between blockchains but not data across them. Cosmos doesn’t require the blockchains to forfeit their consensus algorithm when plugged into the network. It establishes inter blockchain communication (IBC) to establish blockchain interoperability. The IBC serves as a TCP/IP like messaging protocol for blockchains.

Though these startups are at a very early stage of development in their roadmap, we have to wait and watch how it plays out. Blockchain is a niche technology, but many big players are coming into the picture to incorporate blockchain to achieve more success, and the interoperability of blockchain will make that. For any technology to gain momentum, adaptability is essential where interoperability is one thing to be achieved for the mass adaptability.

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Understanding Merkle Tree & Its Importance In Blockchain

Introduction

Merkle tree is the essential component of a blockchain. Data entered into the blockchain is immutable, and this is a critical future of blockchain. Even though there are many futures, many deploy blockchain for this one significant future. This future is primarily achieved using the concept of a Merkle tree. Before dwelling into further about the idea, it is essential to understand cryptographic hash functions.

What are cryptographic hash functions?

Cryptographic hash functions are another integral part of blockchain technology. Cryptography is often used for military purposes. In war zones, the data is shared between two parties of a country at different places using cryptography.

Cryptographic hash functions are algorithms that transform any input given to the algorithm in the output of fixed length. The outputs change drastically, even if a single letter of the input is changed. At the same time, the same input gives the same output all the time. It is highly unlikely to determine the output based on the input unless one has a set of public/private keys. Any length of the input gives a fixed-length output; this feature is handy when a large amount of data sets is used. To check any set of data is modified or not, we can check the fixed-length hash.

Let us see the usage of cryptographic hash functions in the bitcoin blockchain network. Blockchain is essentially a series of blocks of transactions joined together using cryptographic hash functions. Each block has header data and transactions associated with it. Header data contains the previous hash, nonce, Merkle root, block hash.

Data of the complete block, including the header data, is hashed, and this hash is stored in the present block and also in the next block as the previous block hash. This previous block hash represents the entire state of the blockchain at any given point of time. Hence if we make any changes to the transactions in the last block, the hash of all the blocks up to the present block will be disturbed, which is why it is highly impossible to change the transactions and hence the concept of immutability.

Now how do we verify the hashes to check the data integrity? It is highly inefficient and time consuming to check the hash of every block. Hence the concept of Merkle tree is used as it is efficient to check the data integrity.

What is a Merkle tree, and how is it used?

Merkle tree developed by Ralph Merkle is also called a Binary hash tree. It is a data structure used to store hashes of individual data in an extensive data set in a way to make the verification of the date set efficient.

An example of the Merkle tree is as below.

It would be easy to understand the Merkle tree with the example above. It is essentially a tree of hashes with branches of individual hashes. These hashes come from the transactions of the blockchain platform when it comes to a cryptocurrency platform.

In the above figure, we have transactions from TA  represents a transaction, while HA represents a hash of that transaction. All the transactions are hashed to produce a hash value of its own transaction. Then adjacent transactions are hashed together to form a hash of both transactions. Like HAB is the hash of transactions A and B. If there are an odd number of transactions, then the transaction is combined by its own, and a hash value is created. The same process is repeated until the last hash value is generated, which is called the Merkle root. In this case, HABCDEFGH is the Merkle root of transactions from TA to TH. This is how a Merkle tree is formed.

Hence because of the tree, it would easy to find if any transactions are tampered with, uses very few resources to check any fraudulent behavior, and easy to add new transactions to the block.

This allows for simple payment verification, and the new nodes need not download the entire blockchain but only the block headers of the longest chain. Thus Merkle trees help to maintain the immutability and integrity of the blockchain.

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How Blockchain Can Significantly Contribute To The Agriculture Industry

Introduction

Agriculture is the backbone of many countries. Often many countries export and import agricultural products based on their requirement. But when it comes to trade concerning agriculture till day age-old methods are used. It is often said that billions of dollars’ worth of food are wasted not because there are not people who want food but because food doesn’t reach their plates at the right time.

Why do we need Blockchain in Agriculture?

📌 Provenance Tracking

Big giants like Amazon, Walmart used to struggle to pick up any product from their shelves and know the provenance of the product. It might even take days to understand sometimes. Walmart had to recall an entire batch of pork in China as it was not able to find the whereabouts of the product, and the product was not in a condition to consume. This resulted in millions of dollars of loss.

📌 Supply Chain

Given COVID 19 situation worldwide, many industries are hit very severely. Out of all the industries hit, Restaurants/Dining out would be the worst hit since even after the lockdown is lifted, people wouldn’t be willing to dine out. To gain the trust of the customers that food is treated with utmost hygiene, one would like to know the whereabouts the food served. Hence supply chain plays a crucial role in the same. Accordingly, if the information of the product is stored in blockchain right from its origin, the trust could be gained quickly.

📌 Organic/Inorganic

It is easy to pass in organic food as organic these days. Blockchain helps to trace the origin of food.

How can we leverage Blockchain technology in Agriculture?

Farmers for either organic or inorganic food can deal with big players directly without the involvement of mediators. With the help of smart contracts and IoT sensors, right from the very initial stage of sowing the seeds to harvesting to sending the crops to the warehouses of the vendors, everything can be achieved using blockchain.

This way, the vendors will have a clear picture of where their goods are coming from, payments are made on time with no loss to the farmers. With the help of IoT sensors, the adequate temperature can be maintained for the goods which will be tracked through blockchain, ensuring the crops are not spoiled during transportation.

Companies leveraging this technology

🏭 Walmart, in partnership with IBM, developed Food Trust blockchain for tracking the provenance of food from different vendors. Walmart has asked all its vendors to get into their blockchain platform to do business with them to ensure the success of the Food Trust blockchain.

🏭 Coco-Cola built a blockchain platform to ensure ethical sugar production.

🏭 Tony’s Chocolonely – The chocolate industry is labor-intensive, and a lot of child labor is employed for the same. Cocoa farmers are impoverished as the cocoa beans supply chain is extremely complicated, and hence, they cannot decide the price for their beans. Thus, Tony’s Chocolonely has agreements directly with farmers and even pay 40% more since they know the provenance of their seeds.

🏭 Unilever (HUL) is working to check the provenance of tea in Malawi.

🏭 Dreyfus used blockchain to close a deal of Soya beans with a Chinese Supplier. The deal was finalized smoothly, cutting transaction time drastically.

Implementing blockchain in the agriculture domain is not easy. The technology should be combined with IoT for precise tracking along the supply chain. Big players though actively trying to engage the technology it takes time for the farmer to be benefitted from the same. Many platforms are being built from different players, and interoperability remains a concern. Thus it takes time to evolve to the requisite level to reap maximum benefits, but it is inevitable to use the tech in agriculture widely.

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What’s Stopping Blockchain’s Mass Adoption?

Introduction

Blockchain technology came into the picture with the advent of cryptocurrencies. Since the value of cryptocurrencies is increasing exponentially day by day, people have started exploring its base technology, which is Blockchain. Blockchain has a lot of use cases in various industries say Supply chain, healthcare, agriculture, energy, data storage. In spite of all the use cases and numerous numbers of projects, consortiums in action today still the technology is considered to be nascent. Any technology takes time to reach masses, but Blockchain has certain hindrances that are stopping it from mass adoption. Let’s see some of them below.

No Universal Use Case

People often compare Blockchain as a new age internet. Just as the Internet changed the world forever, Blockchain is considered to do the same in the digital world. The Internet was created to provide information worldwide with the worldwide web. It created an industry for itself and reigned it. When it comes to Blockchain, it doesn’t have an industry of its own. It surely promises enough to revolutionize most of the existing sectors, but if there were one industry of its own, then the adoption and results would have been very promising. The combination of next-generation technologies, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, Blockchain, and the Internet of things may create an industry of its own that could be revolutionary.

Complicated Usage

The technology is quite complicated to use provided its secure nature. To perform a transaction in the bitcoin network, there should be an address with a string of numbers, wallets, transaction time, transaction fees, and a lot of stuff. All this terminology is pretty new to a novice user and finds it pretty challenging to use. Mass adoption will be possible only if we educate people enough. Most of the people know about Blockchain only through cryptocurrencies, and that notion should change. People should understand that Blockchain is much more than just cryptocurrencies.

Scalability

One of the significant issues with mass adoption is scalability, i.e., the number of transactions per second (TPS). When we take cryptocurrencies, the original bitcoin blockchain processed only 7 TPS. As the adoption of cryptocurrencies increased, processing time and transaction fees increased drastically, which will discourage people from using cryptocurrencies. Visa/Mastercard supports 24000 TPS, which is used worldwide and is very reliable. Even though some platforms are claiming 40000 TPS, we should check whether they are safe enough or not.

Standardization of Smart Contracts

Smart contracts have received popularity, and many enterprises have started using the same for their business needs. But there is no standardization, and there are a lot of vulnerabilities when it comes to smart contracts. The code is not standard. There is a scope for a lot of vulnerabilities. Hence if certain standards are established like formal verification of contracts to check vulnerabilities, the security of the system increases more.

Energy Consumption Issues

It is a well-known fact that proof of work, which is mainly used in bitcoin blockchain as of today, consumes a lot of energy. Environmentalists throughout the world are entirely against it. Hence the usage of energy friendly consensus algorithms like proof of stake should be used if mass adoption is to be made. Recently Ethereum has shifted to proof of stake from proof of work, which is a welcome move.

Regulation by Governments

Finally, governments should agree or accept the trade, registrations, or any legal matter of the sort to be done in blockchain platforms. As per the government rules, if certain transactions should be done only on paper, then it is not possible to use Blockchain. Governments across the world are at least trying to regularize cryptocurrency, considering the widespread usage. Hence, technology use in other aspects should also be considered.

These are some of the reasons that are holding back the mass adoption of this amazing technology. It is important to note that there is a lot of research and development being done in this space to overcome the above-mentioned hurdles.

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Exploring The New Suite Features Of ‘CryptoNote’ Technology

Introduction

CryptoNote is an open-source protocol that essentially serves as an underlying technology for some cryptocurrency. Just like Blockchain technology, CryptoNote is also technology that is a backend for cryptocurrencies.

CryptoNote technology was primarily developed to provide extremely private features using advanced cryptography. What makes it unique is the egalitarian approach for making the network decentralized and censorship-resistance.

Origin of CryptoNote

The CryptoNote has had a history similar to that of Bitcoin, in terms of being mysterious. It emerged in 2012 and was published on Tor, and the author of the original whitepaper Nicolas Van Saberhagen is a pseudonym, which means that the identity of the author is still unknown. In fact, the identity of the author of the second edition of the whitepaper is also under the same pseudonym.

The original whitepaper discussed the privacy and flexibility that is deficient in Bitcoin. It also sheds light on the traceability and linking ability of transactions in Bitcoin’s “one-CPU-one-vote,” as explained by the creator of Bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto. On the whitepaper, they claim to present more advanced features for decentralized cryptocurrency networks that are based on complicated mathematical analysis.

Entering the CryptoNote Technology

The CryptNote technology is similar to the blockchain technology, with few key differences. This technology is built under consideration of two features that make the payment network through this system fully anonymous. They are,

                        Untraceability & Unlinkability

Untraceability – For all the incoming transactions from the network, every sender is equally probable at the origin.

Unlinkability – A property where it is not possible to verify that two outgoing transactions are sent to one particular person.

When the proposal to launch the technology was made, there were many optimizations and improvements made to keep their technology stand apart from the crowd and hold its original principles along the way. The standard features that should be embedded in such technology are implemented as well. The following are the primary features CryptoNote has to offer.

  • Untraceability of payments
  • Unlinkability of Transactions
  • No Double-Spending
  • Blockchain Analysis Resistance
  • Egalitarian PoW

Cryptocurrencies backed by CryptoNote

There are several coins that are implemented using CryptoNote technology. All of the coins have this technology in them in some or the other way. In fact, there are even optimizations made to the current features that are then added to the cryptocurrency.

Bytecoin

Bytecoin is the first cryptocurrency that was created using CryptoNote technology in 2012. Being the first one, it was quite popular back then. This coin includes the exclusive CryptoNight mining algorithm along with the typical features of CryptoNote. Bytecoin was mainly developed to facilitate instant transactions with no fee for businesses, merchants, and customers in the inclusion of security, anonymity, and fast international payments.

Monero

Monero has been one of the most popular cryptocurrency when it comes to privacy. This open-source protocol and decentralized network community are highly dedicated to making Monero a powerful anonymous payment method. And not to mention, this coin is created under the assistance of CryptoNote.

Conclusion

Over the years, people are not completely satisfied with the features provided by the blockchain. Their focus has been on finding inefficiencies in this technology and coming up with other technologies satisfying those inefficiencies. And CryptoNote is one such technology that emphasizes on anonymity in cryptocurrency networks. This is a very broad property and will remain in development for long.

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Understanding Market Speculations In The Cryptocurrency Market

Introduction

Market speculation is a term that can put you in a bad light if discussed with a casual investor. People often relate speculation to the irresponsible behavior of the banks and financial institutions. To a layman, this term is nothing but a synonym for gambling. The only difference being, in gambling, personal money is used, not investor money.

The concept of speculation is misunderstood by many. Agreed that investing is all about balancing the risk to reward ratio, but speculation is no different. It is an anticipation that the risk on the investment is going to be well worth the risk. In this article, we shall be clearly understanding the concept of market speculation and determine if it is evil to the cryptocurrency market.

What is Speculation?

Trading and investing involve the managing of risk and return. Speculation is that space that fits in the area opposite of guaranteed investors, like bonds and other safe havens. Be it any type of investment; there involves risk. The risk cannot be completely eliminated but surely be reduced. Typically, an investment with low-risk yields low returns. Similarly, investments with relatively high risk, the payout is equally high. And speculation work with the latter principle.

Myth – Speculation is Gambling

There are still a lot with the conception that speculation is no different from gambling. Gambling could involve some skill elements but certainly cannot cut off the risk on it. It is basically like a game of dice. Considering the die to be unbiased, the probability of a predicted number coming up always remains 1/6. Speculation, on the other hand, involves high research in the background, where the speculator studies and analyses all the risks involved in it, and then take actions accordingly. Also, when they bet on something involving high risk, they try making sure that the odds are in their favor.

Cryptocurrency Speculation

Cryptocurrency speculation is mostly inclined towards Bitcoin as it was the first cryptocurrency in the market. Back then, only a handful of people predicted the exponential rise of Bitcoin from a few cents to thousands of dollars. However, there was a good number of investors who made a fortune off this move. In the ocean of investors, there are the ones who anticipate a high return from a small investment, in short, the speculators.

Cryptocurrencies are those that seem like they are specifically made for speculative purposes. And these cryptocurrencies are unlike the tulip bulbs of old that would turn out to be a scam. Bitcoin, for example, is a cryptocurrency known for its security and trust as it backed up blockchain technology. Since the cryptocurrency market is fresh and new relative to others, speculators can consider it a great opportunity to bet on their chosen coins.

Conclusion

Market speculators from the very beginning have earned a bad name. This misconception is still in the air. As a trader/investor, you have to be conservative, but it does not mean you cannot be a risk-taker. Taking risks during the right times and on the right securities can turn out to be a moneymaker. And this is what successful are onto.

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Cryptocurrency Inheritance – What Happens To Your Cryptos When You Die?

Introduction

Ever imagined what would happen to your cryptocurrency when you die? In the case of land or property, it typically goes to the person’s children or to the ones mentioned by them. And all this happens legally with proper documentation. But it does not work the same way with a person’s cryptocurrency.

In cryptocurrencies, inheritance does exist but is pretty different from the regulated ones. Now, let’s understand the inheritance in cryptos keeping in the sense of the decentralization and anonymous nature of cryptocurrencies.

Though cryptocurrencies are not regulated officially, it does not mean you can let go off the unused coins. They do have value in themselves, and also if converted to fiat currencies. According to estimates, Bitcoins worth $20 billion is already lost and not in use. This could be due to negligence or the death of the owner without anyone’s knowledge that the person had coins in their portfolio.

Furthermore, a Reddit user created a spreadsheet accounting the wallet addresses, which were inactive since the time each Bitcoin was worth below $10. And in 2015, there were more than 3 million Bitcoins that were left untouched.

Ways to Not Let Cryptocurrency Unused

Dead Man’s Switch

In the case of cryptos, there exists a computer program that emails you at specific intervals and waits for your reply. If the program does not receive any reply from the sent email, it then automatically checks for death certificates of the account holder. If it finds such a record and does not receive any email, the program will transfer the coins in the wallet to the specified wallet mentioned by the account holder during the time of set up.

However, there is a downside to it. Even though it is helpful in cryptocurrency inheritance, there can be a scenario when an alive user does not reply to an email, and the computer protocol transfers away from the cryptocurrency to the specified address.

Doing the Traditional Way

This is a technique that does not require any kind of computer technology. This is the simplest inheritance issue where the user writes down all the wallet credentials and hands it over to their beneficiary. The credentials may contain the private key, exchange login detail, and the fiat currency accounts associated with it.

However, storing all the information in one place may not be the ideal option. It could turn out to be a very high price paid just for the convenience. Finally, it all drops down to trust. There must be trust between the account holder and the beneficiary. This is because the beneficiary could tamper with the credentials even before the death of the user. Hence, users must be choosy before handing over the details.

Conclusion

There are several ways to ensure that your coins are not buried with you and are handed over to your loved ones. But, with all of them, there exists a downside to it, which makes you think again on handing away the coins to someone. This has made cryptocurrency inheritance still tricky to deal with.

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Usage Of Cryptocurrency In The Gig Economy

Introduction

The global workspace has considerably been changing and evolving. For example, the replacement of automated machines has helped corporations reduce costs on jobs. Back then, people had the idea of staying and working in a single workplace. But, in the younger generation, the idea of moving from one job to another is normal.

Then comes the gig economy that is growing at a great pace. In fact, it has even become the main source of income for many people across the world. And all of this has been made possible by the internet’s feature to connect remote workers with their employers.

In 2018, over one-third of the Europeans and Americans are involved in the gig economy. Presently, the numbers have almost risen to 50%, which has led to pressure in the existing economy to keep up with this rise.

Payment System in Gig Economy

In freelancing, the payment services are quite different from the traditional system. Most freelancers get paid through online digital payment services like PayPal. Before this, people relied on paychecks. But the launch of PayPal has made a great impact on the payment system, especially in the freelancing space.

However, there is a downside to it. For making payments via PayPal, the fee is around 4%, which certainly unreliable for continual large-scale use. Many digital payment providers like PayPal are available, but their charges are still not reasonable for freelancers.

But well, it doesn’t end there. This is when blockchain and cryptocurrencies make their way into the gig economy. Let’s find out how.

Cryptocurrency in Gig Economy

Cryptocurrencies can significantly affect the transaction system in the freelancing field. There are two features cryptocurrencies have to offer that could help ease the payments.

They are - Extremely less transaction fee & Rapid transaction confirmation

These two features, happening to be the most important factors in a transaction, is unavailable in services in PayPal. Also, there has been a rise in blockchain-based platforms for searching and positing freelancing jobs, which has caused a challenge for the existing farm websites.

Also, the growth of the gig economy across the world in recent years has led to Upwork stop accepting registrations for freelancer writers.

How is the world developing?

The development of the gig economy has been slow, yet steady in the Western countries. But it has become a regular job in other emerging countries around the globe. For instance, in 2015, Africans created over 3.1 million new jobs. And in the same year, 12 million youngsters entered the workspace. Hence, these numbers evidently explain the growing gig economy embedded with crypto services in Africa.

In some countries, cryptocurrencies have seen to be more stable than the standard fiat currencies. Though they have regular volatility of 10-15%, it is still a better option than unstable fiat currency as they are prone to hyperinflation.

Conclusion

Many thought the gig economy is something that could take a while to enter, but it is here before than expected. With its steady rise, blockchain and cryptocurrency have increased its rate of rising. Also, this could also lead to norms like PayPal and Upwork to adapt and reduce their existing cost on transactions.

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Use Cases Of Cryptocurrencies In The Cannabis Industry

Introduction

Since the development of cryptocurrencies, the legal cannabis industry and the cryptos have seen to be building a relationship. And that’s because they share quite a lot of stuff in common. For instance, both operate in legal terms, at least in the United States. They have bound to the same challenges in the regulatory, financial, and political domains. In fact, most people involved in the cannabis industry also overlap with the cryptocurrency industry.

Keeping in mind the analogous nature between the two industries, let’s see how they would work if we were to blend them together.

Cryptocurrency and its Difficulties

Since the launch of cryptocurrencies, there have been several issues in adopting it. Though it has numerous benefits when compared to the traditional currencies, the government and the mainstream public are still timid in using it like any other fiat currency.

Having said that, there are a few government regulatory bodies that efficiently approach the cryptocurrencies. There are even some ventures that trust them and find them safe to be stored. The reason for it could be accounted for its current volatility. However, it ends up being in a vicious cycle. The acceptance of cryptocurrency by the merchants is the most challenging part because they are aware of the number of users who are handling them, which is why cryptos have still not practically come into the real business.

The Challenges in the Cannabis Industry

The pot industry, just like the crypto industry, is in the same boat. Both are not illegal but are still problems to become completely legal. Now, for instance, let’s consider only those areas where the cannabis is completely legal for business. That is those states where marijuana is legal and recognized by the US government.

But, with all the support and permission from the government, but it still faces significant challenges. There are only a few banks that offer credits and loans to marijuana manufacturers due to the legality issues it faces and the newness of the market. Now that we know both the industries lie in the same plane, let’s combine them and see its effects.

Cryptos Collaborating with the Cannabis

In consideration of the exclusive features offered by cryptocurrencies, there is great potential for crypto to collaborate with the marijuana industry. With the blockchain technology, the industry is offered with payment method who find the traditional system unsecured as mentioned by Satoshi Nakamoto on the whitepaper that cryptocurrencies backed with blockchain clear out all third-party intermediaries and provide a one-to-one secure transaction between the sender and the receiver.

The association between the two might look like a bizarre match, but in reality, they go hand in hand. Cannabis can use the blockchain technology as a store of value and also as a main source for medium for transactions. As it eliminates the intermediaries, the handling of cash becomes much easier and efficient.

Real World Use Cases

There are several projects that are being laid based on the idea of utilizing blockchain in the Marijuana industry. The growth of these coins happened in 2014. The most reliable and popular ones include:

PotCoinCannabisCoinDopeCoinHempCoinCannaCoin

Having said that, none of them have achieved widespread adoption yet. The basic use case of all the coins is the same – enabling marijuana distributors, and related industries with a common medium of exchange. Both cannabis and cryptos are not entirely legal in almost every part of the world. However, the blend between the two has definitely made things better, at least in terms of security in payment.

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A Quick Introduction to Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)

Introduction

The blockchain technology has been in the industry for quite a while. Cryptocurrencies were the first ones to experience the taste of blockchain technology. As years passed, many technologies were being prototyped using blockchain. Then came Decentralized Autonomous Organizations. Many blockchain geeks would already be aware of it, while the rest are still clueless about this concept though they’ve heard it. So, if you are still one of those who doesn’t understand DAO, then this article might help.

What is DAO?

The meaning of DAO lies in its name. DAO is an organization that is both decentralized and autonomous. Back then, it was only an idea but became practical with the assistance of blockchain.

As mentioned, DAOs are organizations that run in a decentralized and autonomous fashion. In other words, they operate without a centralized party that makes decisions. In fact, all the growth and profit are managed without any central authority. When it implemented via blockchain technology, they are bound to follow programmatic rules that are granted through consensus.

DAOs can, in fact, be related to mainstream companies, as both have predefined goals. However, the goals of mainstream companies can be altered and may not be enforced. But in the case of DAOs, the goals are digitally enforced, and hence no alteration is possible.

Let’s consider an example illustrated by Mike Hearn to visualize the concept of DAO. He objectified DAO to a driverless car that acts like a taxi. It charges the passengers as a rental. After the journey, the profits are used to fuel the car at the gas station. In the whole process, the car does not require any human effort to figure out what to do, as everything is programmed initially.

Key Features of DAO

The first feature is obviously the autonomous nature of DAO. This means that any outside forces cannot corrupt a deployed function. In addition, their open-source nature makes it transparent. This eliminates the doubt for a trusted third party. There are tokens of all transactions, which are used for rewarding. With the non-hierarchical structure of DAO, all the funding takes place only during development and is distributed equally.

The Reason of Existence

Apart from a predefined goal, DAOs contrast with other organizations. In the present world, every organization out there is centralized. So, the only reason for the existence of DAOs is to take advantage of a highly efficient, autonomous, and decentralized system of governance. If organizations work like the DAOs, then there would be no time wastage and effort from an intermediary to control the organization. Instead, all the work would be done by itself.

The Advantage Over Traditional Governance

Governance simply refers to the interaction between various entities based on specific rules and norms and on how they are regulated and structured. Every governance in a company follows a top-down approach. In such an approach, there arises issues and dilemmas. For example, an agent can make a decision with their own choice as a result would not affect them.

If the decision turns out to be risky for business and expensive, the one to suffer would be the principal (a higher position), not the agent from a lower position. But, with DAOs, the costs, as well as the principal-agent dilemma, would be reduced because DAOs utilize smart contracts and blockchain technology in its working.

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Four Best Use Cases Of Blockchain For Governments

Introduction

Blockchain platforms have proven themselves to be not only a platform to create and exchange cryptocurrencies but much more than that. Further, these platforms are not limited to only financial workspaces, but much more can be achieved. In this article, let us see the applications of blockchain in government institutions.

Budgetary Use Cases

I am starting the article with budgetary use case as this is very close to my heart to achieve a corruption-free world. Every government around the world has its budgetary sessions for every financial year. As per the allocations, the amount is released to each department as required. Based on the amount announced for the department, they have to design a blueprint on how the funds will be utilized for the year and all the minor details like contractors, vendors; payments should be finalized to incorporate the same in a smart contract.

Once all the details are completed, the smart contract can be launched. Everyone will be paid accordingly when predefined conditions are met. Thus, achieving a corruption field. Once a smart contract is deployed, it would be difficult to change any conditions. Hence this is a bit complex to implement, but the stakes are quite high since we envision a corruption-free world.

Digitizing The Documents

Every government has many departments often divided between state and central. Most of the governments are digitizing the records as of now. It will be an excellent use case of blockchain if the digitized materials are stored in the blockchain. Often the documents should be shared amongst immigration authorities, defense, homeland security, many more departments. A lot of paperwork and permissions should be sorted out to get adequate information, which is very time-consuming.

If all these documents are stored in the blockchain, it would be effortless to transfer the materials. The document should be shared using the only blockchain. Every view of the document from other departments can be stored as transactions; transaction approvals can be saved as different transactions. Thus, everything will be recorded. This is very useful to avoid any loss or tampering of the documents.

Voting

Voting is crucial for any democratic country to run smoothly at predefined intervals of time. There are huge limitations when it comes to conducting voting securely without any fraud. If blockchain is implemented for voting, that can be changed. Each vote can be converted into a smart contract and display the transactions publicly for everyone to view. Moscow has its voting platform on Ethereum.

They have implemented blockchain voting for urban and landscape design. Half a million people have voted their ideas for public transport, plantations, and materials to be used. Though the platform isn’t used for political polls, the success is a considerable achievement to develop blockchain for voting a full-fledged manner.

Identity

Almost all the governments around the globe have some unique identification numbers for their citizens. Social security numbers for Americans and Aadhar numbers for Indians are some examples. These identification numbers contain the most sensitive information of the citizens of a country like tax returns, income details, retina scans, fingerprints, and so much more.

If these details are hacked somehow, it would be a massive setback for the governments as it is a concern of people’s security. Hence, it is essential to safeguard such information in blockchain so that every view by different authorities can be permissioned and stored using transactions.

These are some of the use cases in government institutions where blockchain will be beneficial to enhance the efficiency and working of the government.

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How Different Is Permissioned Blockchain From Permissionless Blockchain?

Introduction

Blockchain has created ripples throughout many industries. Its security futures are ever essential now with increasing data due to IoT. Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning are used to analyze the data generated to find different patterns as per the requirement. Blockchain is essential to secure the data or transfer the data securely.

Different industries are trying to implement the blockchain technology to improve their business. Hence, it is essential to design the platform in terms of their requirement. To facilitate the same, we have different types of blockchain platforms available. They are as follows:

  1. Permissioned blockchain or Private blockchain
  2. Permissionless blockchain or Public blockchain.
  3. Hybrid blockchain.

Permissionless Blockchain

Cryptocurrency platforms are classic examples of permissionless blockchain platforms. As the name suggests, it is a public blockchain. Anyone can join the network to perform different activities in the network, like users, miners, developers, or community members. Since the network is transparent, anyone can have a look at the transactions getting confirmed in the network.

🔓 Permissionless blockchain networks follow all the underlying principles of a real blockchain network. These networks are genuinely decentralized.

🔓 Authorities cannot shut down the network as no single entity controls the network. People, regardless of nation, location can join the network from anywhere.

🔓 Mostly all public blockchains are linked to a token with some intrinsic value. Based on the network-specific number of coins are mined at the beginning itself, or new coins are mined after every block is confirmed.

🔓 Miners are rewarded with these tokens to keep running the network smoothly.

🔓 Bitcoin is an example of a permissionless blockchain network.

Permissioned Blockchain

Enterprise blockchains are an excellent example of permissioned or private blockchains. Permissions should be given for different entities to join the network.

🔐 Everyone should have valid credentials to join the network.

🔐 These networks are not genuinely decentralized as these networks are created for the purposes of enterprises.

🔐 Not all the members of the network can see the transactions unless they have appropriate permissions.

🔐 Different Hyperledger platforms developed for different enterprise use cases are good examples of permissioned blockchain networks.

🔐 These blockchains are often not associated with tokens as enterprises run these.

Consortium Blockchains

Consortium blockchains are nothing but private blockchains but run by different entities together. Blockchain, being niche technology, different companies, even rivals, are coming together as a consortium to develop the technology.

R3 Corda is one such example in the financial place formed to create the technology for Fintech purposes.

Hybrid Blockchain

Hybrid blockchains offer the functionalities of private and public blockchains together at the same time. The entities involved can choose which data should be open or closed, depending on their functionality. The users need not forgo one feature completely to utilize the other functionality.

🔐🔓 Interoperability is very much possible, enabling to form multichain because of the hybrid nature of the platform.

🔐🔓 Dragonchain is an excellent example of Hybrid blockchains.

These are different types of blockchains available as of now, enabling the adoption of various industries as per their requirement.

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Understanding Social Scalability & the Tradeoffs in Cryptocurrency

Introduction

Taking time back to over 70,000 years ago, there were about 6-10 species of the genus Homo. In them, Homo sapiens prevailed over all other species. In fact, they overcame Homo neanderthalensis, who were supposedly physically stronger than humans. The vital difference was the ability of Homo sapiens to form groups and coordinate together in activities. Hence, a coordinated group of Homo sapiens could beat away a stronger individual either through directly fighting or by taking control of scarce resources indirectly.

This prevailing nature of Homo sapiens was explained by a researcher Nick Szabo who is called the ability to coordinate as social scalability. Increased size in the group leads to better coordination between increasingly large groups. The brain of Homo sapiens has been able to invert other external structures that increase social scalability.

 (Picture Credits)

Social Scalability & Its Impact

The evolution and advancements in technology have decreased the vulnerability to other participants and intermediaries. However, Language is that traditional technology which has increased the social scalability between people as it has allowed humans to communicate with each other.

The essential component of social scalability is trust minimization. The modern legal system has drastically increased the social scalability because it meant a scenario where any person could enter into contact with anyone else, and not having to develop any personal relationship with it.

One ideal example of the same would be matchmaking through online rating systems. Below are some instances which you could relate to:

Amazon: Matches manufacturers and consumers

Uber: Matches best drivers and riders

Airbnb: Match tourists and homeowners with spare rooms

The rating system significantly reduces trust in each transaction. After booking a Uber, I don’t need to do a background check of the driver because I trust them from the several reviews of the riders saying that the driver is safe and reliable.

Blockchain, too, has the potential to minimize trust and increase social scalability. This could be possible from the widespread application of capital and markets. As per history, the amalgam of money and markets have helped reduce transaction costs through the following ways:

Matchmaking – Bring buyers and sellers together

Trust minimization – trusting in self-interest instead of the unselfishness in strangers

Scalability via money – A wide acceptance and reusability medium for counter-performance.

Bitcoin and the Tradeoffs

In 2009, “Satoshi Nakamoto” created something which can be described as the most socially scalable money that had ever been created. It was called Bitcoin, powered by blockchain. Instead of having a so-called trusted intermediary, they created a currency that relies on a decentralized group of middlemen. Cryptocurrencies have the ability to substitute a mass number of computers for an army of financial intermediaries. As their features, they have a high level of security and reliability without the help of human intervention.

To scale up the social scalability via globalization, scaling human institutions was necessary. An increased number of accountants, lawyers, regulators are required. More human cognitive capacity is required to monitor the transactions. But, scaling up cognitive capacity is not possible by humans. Computers were the ones that could do this.

However, in computer science, there are tradeoffs between security and performance. For instance, the security needed to make cryptocurrency socially scalable requires a very high price as electricity is used for mining. Cryptocurrency sacrifices computational scalability to increase social scalability. The inefficiency in computations (electricity and high power usage) enable its social scalability (the ability of parties to make transaction across national borders).

As the cost of computational power is dropping, and the human capacity has remained static, the tradeoff is getting more beneficial.

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Perpetual Swaps for Bitcoin – Explained!

Introduction

Perpetual Swaps, also referred to as perpetual contracts, are essentially a very popular type of futures contract. These contracts are largely dominated by the BitMEX exchange. The XBT/USD has seen to be one of the most popular products offered by them. Bitcoin derivatives, particularly perpetual contracts on BitMEX, were surging of popularity in 2009, in every Bitcoin derivative platform where all of them had record high volumes.

According to sources, BitMEX has a volume of around $2 billion consistently for 24-hour for Bitcoin futures. One of the reasons for this overwhelming volume can be accounted for its high leverage that is provided. For example, BitMEX facilitates 100x leverage on perpetual contracts. So, traders can open positions worth 100 BTC in the futures market with just 1 BTC as margin.

 

Understanding Futures Contracts on Bitcoin

Perpetual swaps can be considered as a futures contract for Bitcoin where a futures contract is simply an agreement between two parties to buy/sell a security at a particular price and date in the future. The buyer of the futures contract is then required to buy the underlying asset once the contract comes to expiry, and the seller is obligated to deliver those assets to the buyer at the time of expiry.

Futures are said to be a type of derivatives because they are derived from the underlying value of the asset. But perpetual contracts are quite different though they are a form of futures contracts. They are also referred to as “inverse futures contracts.” It is nothing but a standard futures contract, where cash-settlement of the underlying asset can be done without physical delivery.

The reason they are referred to as inverse futures contracts for Bitcoin because the settlement for BTC/USD is accomplished in BTC instead of USD that happens in all other futures markets. As a result, the US dollar is interpreted as a commodity, while BTC is used for the settlement of the contract.

The Benefits of Trading Perpetual Swaps

Well, there got to be some reasons for the skyrocketing volume that is seen in the volume of Bitcoin futures contracts. So, let’s discuss them out.

1️⃣ The uniqueness of the inverse futures contract is that it enables us to trade cryptocurrencies against fiat currencies without really having any exposure to the fiat currency. This type of facility can cut through the regulatory complications involving deposits into the exchange using fiat currencies.

2️⃣ Practically hedging positions in USD by shorting positions is another great exclusive feature in an inverse futures contract for Bitcoin.

3️⃣ As mentioned, every future comes to an expiry. However, the inverse futures contract created by BitMEX does not expire and levy a funding rate at three predetermined times every single day using the negative funding mechanism. The funding payment (size of the position plus the funding rate) is provoked every 8 hours at these specific times: 4:00 UTC, 12:00 UTC, 20:00 UTC.

Conclusion

With the great features offered by the inverse futures contract for Bitcoin, the possibility of institutional money coming into the cryptocurrency market seems to be pretty high, which could hence expand and mature the existing futures market. Also, the no expiration of Bitcoin futures is another for this market to stay tight in the coming years as well.

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What Are Pump and Dump Schemes in Cryptocurrency?

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technology are relatively new to the financial markets. This makes them vulnerable to the traditional scams that used to take place on stock and some new ones. Since cryptocurrencies are not regulated by the exchange board, it makes them more prone to scam and schemes than regulated securities.

Out of the many scams around, the most common scam is the so-called pump-and-dump. It originated from the stock market, but the issue was rectified and made illegal on regulated exchanges. However, the cryptocurrency market is not immune to it.

The pump-and-dump schemes are such that they put every rise or fall in the market a question mark. So, a genuine investor would be unaware of the rise was being pumped or was shooting up for real.

The working of Pump-and-dump schemes

The actors behind the scene of pump-and-dump schemes are well-organized groups working over some private messenger. They are referred to as the inner core investors, who basically shoot up the volume of a coin by targeting a single exchange. To do so, they even take the help of whales as well. The coin under target must be of low volume so that the core can lock up as much liquidity at the price they intend. Moreover, they make sure that liquidity is relatively small.

By this, most part of the inner core investor is done. And that’s when the outer core investors kick in. These are the investors who have no clue of the planned pump-and-dump. Once the pump is implanted, all the actors in the scene, mostly the outer core investors, get buying. There are also unaware flocks who see a drastic rise and began to buy as a cause of FOMO. This drives the prices much higher and more swiftly.

Once the price anticipated by the inner core actors is reached, they step back into the business. In other terms, they initiate their dumping. Since they are the first ones to short sell, they get the best price available. Then there are the outer investors who were left scammed, sitting with huge positions looking to sell at higher prices. But the dumping brings it down. Hence, this leaves the investors harmed as well as the integrity of the coin been pumped and dumped.

The pump-and-dump has been annihilated from the stock market and other regulated exchanges. However, the haunting in cryptocurrencies or non-regulated exchanges is still in existence. With this into account, the U.S Commodity Futures Trading Commission warned people about these schemes in virtual currencies. Click the image to learn more.

Conclusion

Pump-and-dump are schemes that cannot be put to a stop in the cryptocurrency space due to its non-regulated nature. The only way to get away with it is to avoid trading cryptos with very low liquidity and low volume. Or you may research the coin on its rise and fall and predict if the move is real or just an illusion.

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Crypto Guides

The Best Emerging Blockchain Companies You Should Know

Introduction

The Blockchain technology that came into reality in 2008 didn’t really gain much attention back then. However, as Bitcoin began to skyrocket in 2017, many understood the working of cryptocurrencies and the technology behind it. Several technologists started to find a replacement from their current technology with blockchain, as they found it to be the next revolutionary tech.

In fact, more than 90% of the US and European banks are into researching blockchain options. They believed that this technology could revolutionize the finance, government, insurance, and personal identity security, and several other spaces. In this article, we have listed out some interesting blockchain-based companies that have great potential in the future.

SALT LENDING (Website)

Domain – Fintech and Lending | Origin – Denver, Colorado

As the name of the company suggests, this company is involved in loan lending. Salt’s platform allows its users to leverage out their cryptocurrency for cash loans. Borrowers can get cash loans by leveraging coins like Bitcoin, Ether, or even Dogecoin, for a period of 1-36 months. This platform is accessible in most US states and several countries. The loans began at $5000.

MYTHICAL GAMES (Website)

Domain – Gaming | Origin – Sherman Oaks, Calif. and Seattle

Mythical Games is an online platform that creates games and experiences that feature the ownership of digital assets. This is backed on the blockchain technology that allows the creation and verification of a clean record of ownership of unique digital assets. The first blockchain-based game, Blankos, was launched in 2019.

GEMINI (Website)

Domain – Fintech, Cryptocurrency, Trading | Origin – New York

Gemini is a popular digital asset exchange that facilitates users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies. It is a blockchain-based platform for trading of cryptos and for cybersecurity purposes. Individual traders and institutional investors can trade all the major cryptos, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin, via their platform.

CIVIL (Website)

Domain – Digital media Journalism | Origin – Brooklyn, New York

The company Civil was created with an aim to build sustainable journalism with the help of blockchain. With the company’s software, journalists can launch their independently operated newsroom. And this done through the company’s own CVL token. Since this journalism runs on the blockchain technology, the stories published can neither be edited nor deleted.

DOC.AI (Website)

Domain – Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence | Origin – Palo Alto, California

DOC.AI is a healthcare company that uses blockchain in addition to machine learning to make predictions on the personal health of people. Basically, this company combines all the patients’ records that are available by every medical source and compresses it into one secure app. So, users can manage all their medical records all in one place and also get predictive analysis on that data. They even get compensation for sharing their data for medical research.

And the list of companies goes on and on. Below is the list of some more blockchain-based companies that are doing pretty great in business and are expected to grow bigger in the future.

Circle | Celsius Network | Wax | Bloq | Tradove | Learning Machine | Oasis Labs | Chronicled | Lemonade | Voatz | Blockstack

That’s about some of the most popular companies that offer services that are based on blockchain. If you have any questions, let us know in the comments below. Cheers.

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Crypto Guides

Beginners Guide To Atomic Swaps

Introduction

One of the features of cryptocurrencies is that they are decentralized. However, in reality, it is not completely decentralized. For the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies, the most popular option is to use a centralized exchange. Hence, adding an element of centralization in them.

Though this seems to be the best way to exchange cryptocurrencies, there are other better ways as well. This is because centralized exchanges sometimes possess big problems. There have cases where new exchanges have been hacked, which has caused losses for exchange and their clients. Moreover, the common issue with all exchanges is high withdrawal and trade fees. So, trading cryptos turns out to be expensive for clients with small capital.

Thus, the irony here is that cryptos that are known to be a peer-to-peer payment system requires users to go to a third party to exchange the coins. However, crypto analysts have taken this concern as a priority and have been able to come with something called “Atomic Swap.”

What is an Atomic Swap?

Atomic swaps are a solution to the above-discussed problem. Atomic Swap is a peer-to-peer exchange of cryptocurrency without the involvement of a middleman. If you are wondering what “atomic” means, it is a terminology used in computer science, meaning something would either completely happen or completely not.

Understanding Atomic Swaps

The main goal is to send someone cryptocurrency without the involvement of a third party. Let’s understand how the atomic swap makes this possible, with an example.

Assume Ron wants to send 1 Ether in exchange for 0.02 Bitcoins from Lisa. In atomic swap terms, we say that Ron has 1 ETH and wants to swap with Lisa for 0.02 BTC.

The key ingredient here is to create a smart contract called a hashlock. You may relate this to a container where the money is placed and is locked with a secret password.

How is the Hashlock made?

The hashlock, which is a smart contract that remains locked until the key is revealed, is made by Ron.

The hashlock is made using the following steps:

  1. A big random number is picked. It is called the primate. This is nothing but a secret password.
  2. This number is used to create another number called the A smart contract is created to send Lisa 1 ETH, locked with a hashlock created by him. This coin is accessible only when Lisa is able to figure out the preimage to the hash.

Note that calculating the hash from the preimage is easy, but determining the preimage from the hash is extremely challenging. In other words, Lisa cannot unlock the coins until she gets the preimage from Ron himself.

Role of Lisa

Now Lisa checks if she has received coins from Ron. This can be easily verified by checking on the public blockchain. After verification, Lisa creates a smart contract for 0.02 BTC with the same hash used by Ron.

Unlocking the coins

Now when Ron goes on to unlock the coins sent by Lisa, he uses the preimage he had created. But, in doing so, the preimage is recorded on the blockchain and becomes public information. Hence, Lisa can now use that preimage to unlock the coins sent by Ron.

Therefore, this completes the transaction without the involvement of a middleman.

This is a solution to the problem that exists in crypto exchanges. Since most users are still into exchanges, the idea of atomic swaps must be inculcated into exchanges and make them truly decentralized.

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Implications Of Blockchain In the Global Money Transfer Industry

Introduction

Fund transfers within the country are cheap and fast. But, transferring money from one country to another is typically slow as well as expensive. Presently, most international fund transfers are made using the SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) network.

Note that SWIFT is not the one that makes money transfers. Instead, it is a network that allows communication between financial institutions for a reliable and secure transfer. This is also the reason why several banks and financial institutions sue their services.

Traditional International Fund Transfer

A transfer via SWIFT technology usually takes several days to be completed. To understand how these transfers work, let’s consider a fund transfer from a US company to a supplier in China.

1️⃣ The US company would send an order to its associated bank to make a transfer to the Chinese company.

2️⃣ Assuming it is a local bank, it would not have access to make international financial markets. So, the local bank approaches a correspondent bank in the US that acts as an intermediary.

3️⃣ The American correspondent bank would then initiate a transaction to the bank in China. If this Chinese bank is not a correspondent bank, it will approach a correspondent bank to receive its payment.

4️⃣ Once the payment is received by the Chinese correspondent bank, it will locally transfer it to the supplier’s bank.

This completes a transaction between the two countries. It can be clearly ascertained that there are many intermediaries for a single transfer. This would eat up a lot of time. And for making the transfer, certain compensation must be paid to intermediaries.

Blockchain into International Money Transfer space

A paper relating to payments using blockchain titled ‘Leading the pack of Blockchain Banking’ points out that several international financial institutions expect blockchain to have a major impact on their businesses. This paper was carried out by the IBM Institute of Business Value and the Economist Intelligence Unit, which accounted for a survey of 200 banks in 16 countries. In the outcomes, about 70% of these banks believed that blockchain technology would reduce the expense and time of international transfers.

As an initiative, several major banks from different countries joined to design a blockchain-based digital currency. Their primary aim is to create a cryptocurrency that would ease utility settlements using blockchain. The list of banks that put forth this initiative include Barclays, HSBC, Credit Suisse, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, and State Street.

Furthermore, to speed up payments, an initiative involved a tie-up between Citi and Nasdaq. Using Citiconnect for blockchain, the users will get direct access to global payments from Nasdaq’s Linq platform. This new venture will allow cross-border multicurrency payments and real-time tracking of payment transaction activity.

(Image Credits – Irish Tech News)

Blockchain here to replace the banks?

The traditional banking is powerful in its own ways. It is quite unlikely that a blockchain-based cryptocurrency will be able to completely replace the existing banking system. However, it may not be of a surprise if digital currencies are increasingly used for back-end settlement. Cheers.

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‘Whales’ & Their Impact On The Cryptocurrency Market!

Introduction

Whales are a metaphor for individuals with high-worth in the capital and have the capability to persuade the market in their preferred direction. In this article, we shall understand how the whale’s actions impact the cryptocurrency market.

Whales’ typical move is to create a wave in the market. They cause the market to artificially appreciate or depreciate so that they can get the best price to make their purchase and ride in profit. Now let’s see how they create this illusion in the market.

How do the Whales work?

We know that the job of Whales is to create a wave in the market. And the amount needed to create it depends on the market cap of the instrument. So, a bigger ocean would require bigger whales to produce a considerate wave.

To produce a wave, the whales place a large number of sell orders at a low price such that there are not as many buy orders as their sell orders. With these sell orders, the exchange has no other option but to execute the order. In doing so, a wave will be brought into the market, which will drive the prices lower and lower in a very short period of time. Once prices drop, the whales begin to buy at these lower prices.

If the number of orders of the whales is not as large as the number of buyers, and they still place sell orders at low prices, there would be enough buyers to fill those sell orders. Hence, only a young market with a small market cap is prone to these whale waves.

For instance, BearWhale was able to bring and hold the prices of Bitcoin to as low as $300 only for a few hours. Because there were a large number of buyers to consume the entire sell orders of the whales. However, it did bring a sudden drop to the Bitcoin prices, but the impact is relatively lesser than smaller markets.

Price Suppression

As mentioned in the previous example, the Whales use their powers to create waves to make strategic lows so that they can buy the cryptocurrency at great discounts. They use this strategy repeatedly, placing orders at low prices, wait for the price to drop, remove their sell order, and buy for the reduced price. For example, the NEO coin with a very small market cap fell from $37 to $4 in just one day. And the responsible ones were none other than the waves.

On the contrary, there price pumping, where the whales, instead of placing sell orders, place enormous buy orders to inflate the market higher. When the prices appreciate all of a sudden, they get off with their buy orders and prepare to take short positions.

Conclusion

A sudden appreciation or depreciation in the prices can not only cause by Whales but other factors as well. This becomes difficult for traders to predict if the sudden rise and fall are real or not. Unfortunately, such activities cannot be put to a stop until the market-cap of cryptocurrency grows to the extent that such manipulations cannot be played.

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Crypto Guides

What Are Bitcoin Faucets, & What Do They Offer?

Introduction

Bitcoin, launched in 2009, did not really break the news. As people started to understand the blockchain technology and the unique features in it, Bitcoin gained some recognition. But, when the Bitcoin prices began to skyrocket, everyone, including small kids, knew about it. Many started to find ways to enter the Bitcoin space. And this when they also came across Bitcoin Faucets.

As a beginner in the field of Bitcoin, several would not know what Bitcoin Facets are. This article will walk you through the complete understanding of Bitcoin Faucets.

Introduction to Bitcoin Faucets

Bitcoin Faucets are online websites and applications, which is basically a reward platform system for the users who get paid for completing some tasks given by the platform. In exchange for completing these tasks, users are rewarded with Satoshi. And the Satoshi earned are directly deposited in the user’s Bitcoin wallet or micro wallet.

Satoshi – It is the smallest unit of Bitcoin, which is worth one-hundredth million of a Bitcoin.

Why Bitcoin Faucets?

Bitcoin is still a relatively new term for people to understand completely. Many are in the process of learning about investing in Bitcoin. In the learning population, there are people who are conservative when it comes to investing. This is the reason Bitcoin Faucets was created. It acts as a medium to introduce people to the concept of Bitcoin investment by actually risking their own money. With this platform, Bitcoin enthusiasts can get insights about Bitcoin and also an earning opportunity.

Where does the earned Satoshi go?

When you register with a Bitcoin Faucet platform, you will have to provide your Bitcoin wallet address. All the Satoshi that is earned will directly be transferred to that wallet address. This wallet is a secure digital account, having a unique bitcoin key. For those who are new to bitcoin wallets, you may relate to the Bitcoin wallet as a traditional wallet, and the Bitcoin key can be associated with your bank account.

How do Bitcoin Faucets generate revenue?

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that saw exponential growth a few years ago and has made some people a lot of money. So, the very next question that pops up is, why would Bitcoin Faucets give away coins for free? As a matter of fact, these platforms generate revenue by rewarding users with coins. The simple answer is, they earn money through advertisements.

Bitcoin Faucets are very popular among the beginners in Bitcoin. So, most of the websites host ads on their portal. Be it a pay-per-click or pay-per-impression, Bitcoin Faucets have a steady source of income through affiliate marketing. So more the users they get on board, more is going to be their revenue.

You can visit this link to find the best Bitcoin faucets of 2020.

Conclusion

If you have an interest in investing in Bitcoin but have no clue how to go about it, then Bitcoin Faucets can surely be a great option. This does not risk your money in the market but instead rewards you for learning something of your interest. Having said that, there are platforms that kill a clear user interface with a countless number of ads on the screen. So, you might have to switch from platform to platform to find the right one. Cheers!

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Crypto Guides

Bitcoin & The Possible Black Swan Events!

Introduction

The cryptocurrency is a domain where there are several varieties of critics. And most of them have a negative sentiment on it. There are financial bears who do not have a positive outlook on cryptocurrencies in the long term. Then there are techies who believe that blockchain, not a technology that is going to give a breakthrough to the current technology. There are also government mongers who are fearful and anxious about investors grabbing their interest in cryptocurrencies, which would drop their tax money.

Then we have a black swan event, which is a different case altogether. A black swan event for Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrency, for that matter, is the absolute worst-case scenario that could take place.

Why is it necessary to consider the possibility of Black Swan scenarios? If the FUDsters give a healthy level of condensing for the market as a whole, the black swan forecasts are like a rototiller. Their job is to assume that the market is going to collapse anytime soon and is required to stay away or look for other options. If such a thing is inevitable, it is useful to know what to expect.

Here are a few worst-case scenarios that cryptocurrencies could affect. Before getting right into it, first, let’s start off by understanding what a black swan event actually is.

A Black Swan Event

This was described by a financier and author, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, while he was writing about the 2008 financial crises. Taleb referred to the Black Swan event as a completely unpredictable beforehand consequence, which is devastating.

Taleb also pointed out that the black swan event is a relative concept. This event may not be a terrible scenario for everything equally. It can be localized as well, where one market’s black swan could be another’s market’s bull booster. For instance, the failure of cryptocurrency and blockchain could give more room space to other technologies and financial sectors.

We have listed out some examples which would be torn apart the cryptocurrency space – and not necessarily shake the other related sectors.

The Regulatory

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies currently operate in a very legal state at the moment. In the U.S. and many other countries, there have been tentative steps regarding the management of cryptocurrencies. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not confirmed whether cryptos are securities on a case-to-case basis.

However, the bomb hasn’t been dropped yet. There could be a moment where the countries like the U.S. and South Korea simultaneously decide that the cryptocurrencies would be banned outright. This would hit the entire crypto market really bad.

Catastrophic Code Failure

Cryptocurrencies are virtual currencies that are hardcoded. So, there is a possibility of a bug being found and exploited in the code. As a matter of fact, recently, a malicious attack happened to Verge, which allowed hackers to mine extremely easy blocks and extract off millions of dollars of the coin. Also, 51% of attacks can be carried out easily out of smaller coins that were discovered.

However, such a thing is unlikely to happen to the cryptocurrency giant, Bitcoin. But the Quantum Computing has something dissimilar to say: “The massive calculating power of quantum computers will be able to break Bitcoin security within ten years, say security experts.” Still, Bitcoin has proven itself countless times that it is resistant to attacks. Either way, a solution of the same would reach before it becomes possible.

Final words

Going by the definition, Black Swans are harder to identify ahead of time. They are also an event that could be devastating to the market. As the author Taleb says, it is like a variation of the “prepare for the worst” mindset. Though there is still enthusiasm and forecasted potential in the cryptocurrency space, it is also vital for such optimists to have their end on the negative side of it. After all, the cryptocurrency always proves to be a perfect example of “expect the unexpected.” All The Best.

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Crypto Guides

Bakkt – The Game Changer in the Cryptocurrency World?

Introduction

In the present state of Cryptocurrencies, there is a lack of mainstream acceptance and institutional investment. But, bringing in the institutional investment money into the cryptocurrencies is a new aim. Currently, the money of institutional investment is floating in stocks, bonds, currencies, and other formal financial instruments. An inclusion of cryptocurrency would drastically increase the total market cap of it. Apart from financial benefits, this institutional investment will also add a layer of legitimacy, which helps in its acceptance in the mainstream.

What Is Bakkt?

Bakkt is an open cryptocurrency platform that provides all cryptocurrency services. It has facilities for trading and warehousing as well. The uniqueness of Bakkt lies in its management and founders. Bakkt is the product of the company that initiated the New York Stock Exchange. And it plans to enter the market with the assistance of big companies such as BCG, Microsoft, and Starbucks.

Where It All Began?

In August 2018, Intercontinental Exchange, the parent company of Bakkt, released a statement, where it said that it intends to create an open and regulated global ecosystem for digital assets with the use of Microsoft’s cloud service Azure. It said that it would start off by including federally regulated markets and auxiliary services. In addition, it would even feature a Bitcoin to a fiat currency converter, which most of the cryptocurrency exchanges do not have to offer.

The first question that pops in one’s mind is if Bakkt is safe or not. As mentioned, Bakkt is the establishment of a company that founded the New York Stock Exchange, it already has few large institutional investors who have poured capital into it, it is built on the Microsoft technology, and its very first major merchant is the café giant Starbucks. These considerations hence clear the unsafe fog out.

The crypto analysts have studied and found some key advantages from this platform, where all of them have a positive outlook towards it. Now let’s discuss a few of them.

Institutional Investment

This was one of the primary reasons for the creation of this platform. Bakkt has this covered as it backed with venture capital firms. If such types of firms still show interest in it, then it would attract larger and larger firms to come on board. And if these firms stick onto it, then even the smaller investment firms would enter as well.

Bakkt Bitcoin Futures

September 2019 was when the Bakkt launched the physical-settlement bitcoin futures products on its platform. As of date, Bakkt has a major derivative offering, which includes daily and monthly contracts.

Now that the futures contracts are publicly available, Bakkt has entered into the mainstream derivatives marketplace, i.e., it has been included in the CME Group, which first launched its bitcoin futures product in late 2017.

Mainstream Acceptance of Bakkt

Bakkt backed by ICE can be treated like a trump card when it comes to security. In owning and managing some of the world’s largest mainstream exchanges, ICE is in such a position where it very well knows how to spread and set the cryptocurrency exchange of the future.

The large entities opening themselves into the crypto space, are giving more credibility to cryptocurrencies are choice to consumers. Hence, this may be the one that eradicates cryptocurrency from its current position to give it a better life, which would be accepted in the mainstream. Cheers.

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Impact of Cryptos & Blockchain on The Current Prison System

Introduction

It is a known fact that cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology has impacted many of the industries in a positive way. In our previous guides, we have discussed many such sectors like Healthcare, Supply chain, Banking, etc. It is obvious that these are only a few of the many industries where the adoption of these path-breaking technologies is taking place. In this article, let’s see how cryptos and blockchain together are making the current prison system better.

Enhanced Tracking

The judiciary system in developed countries has already adopted technologies like cryptography & blockchain to enhance their tracking capabilities. In Foshan, a city in China, police have set up a community correction system that is entirely based on blockchain. The purpose of this system is to enable the real-time tracking of convicted criminals.

Every prisoner will have a specific duration of parole after their sentence is over. During this period, they must be monitored very carefully, and currently, governments do have some outdated techniques for this purpose. But with the community correction blockchain system, this process will be simplified.

Prisoners will be given electronic bracelets that they must wear all the time. These bracelets will have a tracking encryption program that allows police and court executives to get all the relevant real-time data. This enhances the supervision of offenders with minimal effort and provides more accurate information. Since the technology behind this system is based out of blockchain, the data cannot be tampered with no matter what.

More information related to this can be found on the Facebook page of People’s Daily, China.

For A Better Cause

There is a study that says almost 90% of the prisoners who can’t afford their bail money turn out to be pleaded guilty. This data holds true only for New York City. The number might go high in countries that are still developing. This essentially means that these prisoners can’t even utilize their constitutional rights as they aren’t allowed to argue their case because they don’t have enough money to do so. In very simple terms, we can say that irrespective of them being involved in a crime or not, they are found guilty because they are poor.

A blockchain startup known as Bail Bloc is trying to help this kind of prisoners. This company is allowing users like us to offer the processing power of our gadgets when they are not being used. This power is used by a set of miners to mine a well-known crypto – Monero. The Monero generated is donated to a charity organization known as the Bronx Freedom Fund. This NGO uses all of the created cryptocurrency to help bail out prisoners who aren’t in a position to afford their bail money.

If you are interested in making a contribution to the poor prisoners, you can download Bail Bloc from here and allow the software to access your unused gadget’s unused processing power. Below you can see a snapshot from the Bail Bloc official website where the statistics are given in an understandable way.

Conclusion

There are many other startups like CellBlocks that are using cryptos and blockchain to improve the current prison system. The intention of CellBlocks is to digitize the economy of large prisons by tokenizing the currency that circulates in jail and keeping a record of all the transactions on a blockchain network. With so much adoption in such less time, we can only imagine the amount of impact these technologies will have on various industries in the future. Cheers.

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Crypto Guides

Blockchain & Internet Of Things – The Brilliant Combination!

Introduction

Blockchain alone can revolutionize many industries, as we have seen in our previous articles. But when blockchain applied together with the next generation innovative technologies such as IoT, Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning (to name a few) will do wonders. The combination of these technologies brings the best of each other. Especially in terms of security and authenticity of the data generated from millions of devices across the world on a daily basis.

What is IoT?

IoT stands for the Internet of things. It is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital devices. These devices are provided with unique identifiers that can transfer data in the network without human-to-human or human-to-machine interaction. This is possible as the devices are extended with internet connectivity and sensors so that the transfer of data is possible.

With so much data being generated and transmitted without any human intervention, there are many concerns about the security and privacy of data. Blockchain comes to rescue to address the concerns of privacy and security in the world of IoT. Let us see how, with the help of some use cases below.

Smart Homes

The concept of IoT enables smart homes. Most of the devices we use at home can be embedded with sensors, and with the help of IoT, we can control them remotely using our smartphones. When at home, they can easily be controlled using Alexa, Google Home, with the help of voice recognition. To enable all these functionalities, sensitive data such as voice and facial recognition should be stored. This data can be stored securely in the blockchain, which allows strict access restrictions. It can be accessed by anyone else if required only through individual permissions using smart contracts.

HealthCare

IoT plays a very crucial role in health care these days. Remote health care can be achieved using IoT. Elderly care is essential to most of the countries these days as the elderly population is increasing in countries like China, Japan, and the US. Since there are fewer people to take care of the elderly, IoT can come to our rescue.

With the help of IoT, if the patients don’t take medicine on time, a message will be directly sent to their smartphones, reminding them to take medication (since the quantity isn’t reduced from the containers). Whenever a fall or sudden change in a heartbeat is detected, the nearest health care providers are automatically alerted with the help of IoT. These are only some examples of uses in health care, but since this is very sensitive data, blockchain can help in keeping them secure. Most importantly, tampering cannot be done if the data is stored in the blockchain, which is very crucial to achieve the desired outcome in these cases.

Agriculture

Agriculture can be widely improved by deploying IIOT (Industrial IOT) sensors and satellite imagery to monitor the millions of acres of land. With IoT used in the supply chain, provenance tracking can be enabled. Crops can be sold by using smart contracts even before harvesting them as all this data ensures the buyer of the quality of the product from the fields to their floor. This makes a profitable trade for all the parties involved.

There are ample opportunities for blockchain and IoT together in Industrial sectors when it comes to the maintenance of the machines. With the help of sensors continuously updating the performance of the devices, wear and tear can be restricted, thus decreasing the downtime. Automobile industries can use real-time data to get the vehicles serviced on time or replace a crucial part in time. Autonomous cars can be made more reliable and usable using IoT and blockchain. The combination of IoT and Blockchain is amazing, but it is important to remember that a lot of other potentials are yet to be achieved.

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Crypto Guides

The Fascinating Applications of Smart Contracts

Introduction

In the previous guide, we have understood what smart contracts are and what role they play in eliminating third parties. You can find that guide here if you didn’t get to read that yet. Smart Contracts have come out as one of the interesting applications of blockchain technology but it evolved so well that it has already been applied in most of the industries. Experts believe that these smart contracts do have significant applications in many other industries. Hence, in this article, let us see their usage in different industries.

Health Care and Medical Records

One primary application of smart contracts lies in the healthcare industry. Transferring and sharing patients’ electronic medical records (EMR) should be done in the most secure way. We are not saying that the current technology is not secure at all. We are just saying that using this technology will enhance the existing security.

Smart contracts enable multi-signature approval features enabling both patients and health care providers, allowing them to share the information securely as these are sensitive data. Patients can allow their data to be sent to research organizations for various studies and can be sent micropayments to the patients for participation using the same platform. We must not forget that a lot of infrastructure and technology should be built to achieve the same.

Banking

Banking systems have undergone a lot of changes proportional to technology adoption by the people. Smart contracts can play a crucial role in the mortgages provided by banks or any non-banking financial institutions. Banks spend a lot of money to check if the property that is being mortgaged currently is already mortgaged or not. To check if the property does indeed belong to the person applying for the mortgage or not. If the documents of the property are placed in blockchain with the help of smart contracts, this can be verified in a click. This saves a lot of money to both consumers and banking, reportedly in billions.

KYC

These days we have to provide our KYC documents at various places like to open a bank account, to take a sim card, driving license, registering property to name some. If the KYC documents are stored in a blockchain, with the help of smart contracts, the right people can be given proper authority to access them. Also, if any changes required from our side, we need to make a change at one single repository instead of making changes at every entity where we have given the documents.

Supply Chain

Supply Chain is one major area that can benefit hugely using blockchain adaptability and thereby using smart contracts. There are various documents throughout the supply chain cycle which can be misplaced and tough to authenticate at and every area required. If smart contracts are used to share and verify these documents, a lot of time and money can be saved to clear the goods at national highways, significant seaports, etc. Provenance tracking can also be done, thus increasing the bar of trust among consumers.

Voting

Voting can be achieved relatively and transparently using blockchain and smart contracts. With blockchain involved, no one can tamper with the election process, and with the smart contracts, it is possible to ensure the correct person is voting instead of the duplicity of votes.

Insurance

We all know it takes time for the insurance industries to clear the claims as it takes time to check the claims for its authenticity. With the adoption of smart contracts, the respective authorities can easily fact check the claims. For example, for travel insurance, we can easily verify whether the flight is a delay or canceled, thus passing the request.

However, all these industries can actively adapt and grow using blockchain only in the ideal world where blockchain is integrated throughout all sectors and government institutions. Active engagement and development are only possible when adoption is at a high rate. The blockchain technology is still growing, and a lot of innovation and growth is yet required to use the full potential of blockchain and thereby smart contracts as well.

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Crypto Guides

Smart Contracts – A Brief Introduction

What are Smart Contracts?

Smart contracts are nothing but deals that are digitally stored using digitization to enable digitalization of the business process. The smart contracts can be touted as one of the best applications of blockchain. Blockchain eliminates the middlemen in whichever industry the technology is leveraged, and smart contracts do the same. One doesn’t have to rely on a third-party player to authenticate the deal but pay some money to build the code which is suitable for all the parties involved and deploy the contract in the blockchain to make it active.

How do they work?

Smart contracts in real is a piece of code which can be written in any language that the blockchain platform may support. The code is written in such a way that when predefined parameters are met, the contract execution triggers automatically, and the conditions are met without any human intervention. This makes it very easy to handle and execute smart contracts.

Are they reliable?

Immutability is one of the essential characteristics of blockchain, as we have seen in our previous articles. Since the blockchain works on the concept of distributed ledgers, a copy of the contract will be available with every party involved. Smart contracts deployed in the blockchain network are immutable; once used, they cannot be changed. All the predefined terms should be met as agreed and signed by all the involved parties. Payments, if any concerned, will be done automatically as well without any human involvement. Thus, not delaying the cash, which makes all the parties happy about the work done. Hence the smart contracts are considered very reliable.

The real-life example of Smart Contracts

There are infinite real-life scenarios where smart contracts can be used. We all have booked tickets for our most awaited events, say concerts, movies, sports and so on. We always use a third-party website/app to book the tickets. Here the audience, as well as the event organizers, are trusting this third-party service provider with their money.

Instead of a third-party service provider, if one can deploy smart contracts in these scenarios, it would be easy to manage money. People buy their passes for the event, and this money is stored in the escrow linked to the contract. The money is not credited to the event organizers’ account unless the event is completed. If the event is completed, the funds will be automatically transferred to the organizers of the game. If not, the amount will be refunded to the audience account as per the terms and conditions of the event.

In this case, we do not depend on a third party for the refund of the amount, which may delay in case of any eventualities. We are also not paying any other extra fee to book the ticket as no third party is involved—this the best real-life example where once can use smart contracts.

Conclusion

The new technologies in our lives have come to make our life easy, and smart contracts come under such a category. We not only save money using them but also get rid of concept terminology of terms and conditions which lawyers use to cash the loopholes when something goes wrong. In this case, we use straightforward language to code the words and get them triggered as required, thus making them comfortable and very reliable to use.

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Crypto Guides

A Simple Guide To Cryptocurrency Fork & Its Types

Introduction

We have discussed many topics concerning cryptocurrencies in our previous guides. Some of them are basic, and some belong to the intermediate and advanced category. If you have been following us, you would have realized that we have chronologically structured this Crypto Guide series. Because we want you to get a clear understanding of the entire crypto market from a very basic level. Since we have completed most of the basic concepts, let’s go a bit deeper to understand more complex aspects of this space. In our article today, let’s understand the concept of Forking in cryptocurrencies.

What is a cryptocurrency fork?

You must be aware of the software updates that we keep receiving in our smartphones. These software updates typically fix the reported bugs in the existing software version or may add many other features to it to make it more secure and robust. This applies the same for cryptocurrency networks as well. Every network needs an update, and that update is known as ‘Forks.’

However, this is only one of the reasons why Forking is done. There is another crucial reason behind every blockchain Fork that has happened until now. Before understanding that, let’s understand what a Protocol is. It is essentially a set of rules that must be followed by all the existing nodes in a crypto network. Some of the rules in a protocol include Block Size, Rewards, etc. Now, let’s see the actual purpose of a Fork.

The Purpose?

When a significant part of the existing stakeholders like Miners, Developers, etc. do not agree with the updated protocols, the need for the fork arises. In simple words, when a set of important individuals in the network are not ready to follow the newly updated rules, the entire network is forked, and the process is known as Forking. Once the fork is done, a part of the network follows the new rules, and the other set follows the previously existing rules. Now, let’s understand the different types of Forks that occur in a blockchain.

Types of Forks

There are two types of Forks in the world of cryptocurrencies – Hard Fork & Soft Fork.

🍴 Hard Fork

This kind of fork results in the permanent splitting between the existing blockchain. Meaning, the network is completely divided into two and results in two different cryptocurrencies altogether. In a Hard Fork, the old nodes that resist upgrading won’t be able to process the new transactions or add new blocks to the blockchain.

For instance, let’s say after the upgrade, the new block size is changed from 4 MB to 8 MB. If the new node, which is upgraded, processes a block of 6MB, the old nodes consider them as incompatible and reject the block altogether. Each of these blockchains will have a separate community, and developers altogether. One important thing to remember is that all the transactions for the parent blockchain are copied to both of the newly formed ones. That is, if you were a part of a cryptocurrency’s original blockchain, you would be getting cryptos of newly formed ones as well.

To explain this, we would like to take one best example of a hard fork which is the Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. Since Bitcoin is the original blockchain, and the hard fork occurred, if you were holding 10 Bitcoins, once the fork is done, you will be receiving ten coins of Bitcoin cash as well.

🍴 Soft Fork

Unlike hard fork, the old nodes that aren’t updated with the new rules can still process the new transactions and add new blocks to the network. Hence there is no need for dividing the entire network into two different networks. The older nodes can upgrade to the new ones whenever they want to, or they can remain the same way. Also, the transaction history will remain intact until the time of the fork.

The only rule here is that the old nodes must not violate the new rules after the soft fork is done. For instance, let’s say a soft fork is done in a blockchain, and the block size is decreased from 8MB to 4 MB. The older nodes can process new transactions and add newer blocks to the network, which are only of size less than 4 MB. If the older nodes try to add a block that is of 6MB, the new nodes will reject it as the updated rules aren’t followed.

That’s about Forking and types of forks in the world of cryptos. These forks are and will continue to be an integral part of the crypto space as the adoption is increasing with time.

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Have You Heard of Mimblewimble Blockchain Protocol?

Introduction

We have been discussing many basics of cryptocurrencies and the groundbreaking tech behind them – Blockchain Technology. By now, we know the properties, features, pros, and cons this revolutionary technology possesses. It is evident that more research is being done on continually improving the blockchain technology, which will eventually make the crypto space better. One such innovation in this space is the Mimblewimble protocol. In this guide, let’s briefly understand what this protocol is all about and its successful applications.

What is Mimblewimble?

Mimblewimble is a protocol that has the potential to improve the scalability and privacy of a blockchain. This tech was published in the mid of 2016, and the first successful application of it was in early 2019. This protocol is built on the principles of advanced cryptography known as Elliptic Curve. The main advantage of using this cryptography technique is that it uses relatively smaller keys. Also, a Mimblewimble network doesn’t have any addresses in them and hence taking lesser space in the block.

To put things in perspective, the maximum block size of the Bitcoin network is 4MB. But the block size of a network that runs on Mimblewimble protocol is a mere 400 KB, which is 10% of the Bitcoin block size. But the pros of this protocol are not just confined to the lesser storage capabilities. As the size of a block is small, the scalability of the network increases. Also, the anonymity factor is an additional advantage this protocol offers.

Working of the Mimblewimble Protocol

To clearly understand the working of this protocol and to know how it’s transactions are different from the rudimentary transactions, let’s understand the inputs and outputs involved in a single Bitcoin transaction. In a typical Bitcoin transaction, if you send ten Bitcoins to another person, the network won’t subtract those ten Bitcoins from your account and add those Bitcoins to another person’s account. Instead, the network considers multiple inputs from the older Bitcoin transactions in order to generate an output. This process doesn’t only consume more space but also reduces the transaction speed.

On the contrary, Mimblewimble protocol works more efficiently by eliminating these inputs and outputs. Instead, a multi-signature is used to replace all of the inputs and outputs. In this case, if you want to send 10 Bitcoins to someone, both of you will get a multi-signature key for verifying the transaction. Also, we have mentioned about the elimination of addresses in the Mimblewimble network. This is made possible by including a Blinding Factor. It is used in the encryption of both the inputs and outputs along with the public and private keys of both the parties.

This blinding factor will remain a secret between you and the person you want to send Bitcoin to. This increases the privacy of the transaction you are making as only you, and the receiver knows about the transactions you made.

Bottom Line

Grin and Beam are the two cryptocurrencies that have successfully implemented the Mimblewimble protocol to their respective networks. So we know that these cryptos are incredibly private and scalable as well. Please do your research to understand the properties of this coin better. Innovations like this bring a lot of hope for us and increase the usage of cryptocurrencies in real life.

Fun Fact: The anonymous inventor of the Mimblewimble technology portrayed himself with the name ‘Tom Elvis Judisor,’ which in French translates to ‘Voldemort,’ the famous Harry Potter character. Also, the name Mimblewimble is taken from the Harry Potter series, which means a tongue-tying curse.

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Crypto Guides

What Should You Know About Security Token Offering (STO)

Introduction

In our previous guides, we have understood some of the most important fundraising methods like ICO and IEO. These are the ways through which a crypto start-up can raise funds to bring their idea to a reality. But these two methods have paved the way to the raise of one more offering known as STO. STO stands for Security Token Offering, and the entire process behind it resembles the working of an ICO. So in this article, let’s discuss what STO is, how different it is from an ICO, and the pros involved.

What is an STO?

Just like an ICO, a Security Token Offering is launched as a way to raise capital by selling tokens pegged to a firm. As we see, these tokens do not belong to any Crypto company selling their coins. Instead, STO tokens are related to common securities that are speculated by traders and investors across the world. Anything from Stocks and Bonds to Real-Estate Investment Trusts can be offered to the investors in STOs.

Mainly, when we invest in any security, we are investing in a portion of property or company behind that security. For instance, if we are investing in a stock, we are betting on the company behind it. If the company’s performance is better, our stock price will rise, and we make a profit. Using traditional methods, the purchases are documented on a piece of paper, but in STOs, the purchases are recorded in a blockchain.

STOs can be considered as a fusion between the crypto ICOs and the traditional IPOs as its overlays with both of these fundraising methods. It is important to know that SEOs are heavily regulated compared to the ICOs. This is because ICOs are considered utility tokens, and the essential purpose of these tokens is for the usage as an investment, as per the rules. So the ICO platforms do not have to follow most of the strict regulations while reaching out to a broader public.

On the other hand, STOs can only be offered to qualified investors with specific criteria. The fundamental intention to launch as STO is to offer investable asset contracts that are under the purview of securities law. Hence, compared to an ICO, launching an STO is very hard because of the regulations that are in place.

Pros Involved In SEO Participation

💰 Compliance – As discussed, the STO process is heavily regulated compared to ICOs. This will increase accountability and makes sure the entire process is extra transparent because of the transactions being recorded in a blockchain.

💰 Clarity – By now, we know that real-time companies and properties back the security token that has been purchased in an STO. So there is some clarity in the value of the purchase we have made. However, in an ICO, we won’t be sure of the value a token possesses as it is not backed by any asset.  

💰 Low Costs – Just like an ICO, there’s no question of middlemen while purchasing tokens in an STO. Since the transactions are executed in Smart Contracts, there’s no reliability on lawyers and complicated paperwork, which reduces the costs big time while increasing the execution speed.

💰 Increase in Liquidity – As the security tokens purchased in an STO can easily be traded all the time irrespective of the date, the liquidity of many illiquid assets increases.

That’s about STOs and the pros involved in purchasing these Security Tokens. Please make sure to do your due diligence of what STOs to participate in and what security tokens you must buy. All the best.

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What Are IEOs & How Are They Better Than ICOs?

Introduction

In our previous guide, we learned about what an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is all about. We also discussed that 2017-18 was the golden era of ICOs, where some of the biggest ever ICOs like EOS, Telegram, and Dragon Coin happened. But what happened after that? ICOs took a hard hit after the Chinese government banned them. Also, there was a lot of negativity in this space after many large ICOs turned out to be scams. So it has been challenging for the Crypto startups to raise funds for their companies ever since the downfall of ICOs. This necessity resulted in the invention of a fantastic solution – Initial Exchange Offering (IEO)

Understanding IEO

In an IEO, any crypto company willing to raise funds for their project will approach a credible cryptocurrency exchange. The crypto tokens sales of that particular company will happen on that exchange, and the companies will have to pay a certain amount of fee and a percentage of tokens that got sold during an IEO. The exchange here is acting as a platform for the companies to sell their tokens.

So basically, Initial Exchange Offering works just like how Initial Coin Offering works without the decentralization part. That means, there is Smart Contract functionality in this process. All the transactions are centralized as they are authorized by the exchange in which the tokens are being sold. This is a win-win situation where the crypto companies can have a smooth fundraising process, and the exchanges can make profits by listing new crypto tokens in their platform.

Working of an IEO

In an ICO, people who are interested in purchasing tokens must send their funds to a given smart contract. But since IEO is a centralized process, interested participants must create an account with the exchange that is undertaking an IEO and complete their respective KYC procedures. Then they must deposit their funds in the exchange wallet and purchase the newly issued tokens using those funds. Most of the deposits are accepted in cryptocurrency only.

Top IEOs Till Now

Unless you are absolutely new to the crypto world, you must have heard about the Binance exchange. This exchange is one of the first ones to start the IEO revolution by designing a platform known as Binance Launchpad. The first successful IEO was of BitTorrent, a popular torrent service provider, and it was launched on the Binance Launchpad. BTT (BitTorrent Token) sales created a record in the world of IEOs by raising more than seven million dollars in a mere fifteen minutes. This company was backed by TRON, so this success isn’t a surprise.

If not for IEOs, it would be impossible for a new crypto startup to raise this amount of funds in hours or minutes. One more notable success story of an IEO is also from the Binance Launchpad only. A crypto company known as Fetch has raised about six million dollars and met the target in less than half a minute. After seeing the massive success of Binance Launchpad, many other exchanges have shown keen interest in this space. Let’s see what those exchanges are in the below section.

Top Exchanges That Embrace IEOs

As discussed, it is a potential business for any exchange for conducting IEOs using their platform. So many exchanges have shown great interest in the recent past to conduct IEOs and increase their visibility as well. Some of the top exchanges include Binance (Binance Launchpad), BitMax (BitMax Launchpad), Bittrex (Bittrex Int. IEO), KuCoin (KuCoin Spotlight) and Huobi (Huobi Prime).

IEOs have many pros over ICOs in terms of legality, security, and ease of access. That’s about IEOs; in our upcoming article, let’s discuss another fundraising method known as STO.

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What Is An ICO and What Were The Biggest ICOs Ever?

Introduction

We have discussed many things cryptocurrencies in our recent guides, which talk about their evolution, properties, pros & cons, etc. We also learned a lot about Bitcoin and some of the other major altcoins. As of Feb 2020, more than five thousand cryptos are prevailing in the market. Have you ever wondered how these cryptos come into existence? The answer to this question is ICO. To understand what ICO, AKA, Initial Coin Offering

Irrespective of its size, every company needs sufficient funds to bring an idea to a reality. In the case of conventional companies, there is a concept known as IPO, which translates to Initial Public Offering. Here, a company would go public after they establish their brand name in the market. ‘Going public’ essentially means selling a part of their company to raise more funds and expand its business across the markets to gain more profits.

What Is An ICO?

Like how IPO is for traditional companies, ICO is for the companies who are willing to raise funds to build a cryptocurrency. There might be various agendas for crypto companies, which we will be discussing in the later parts of this article. But not every random crypto company can have an ICO and raise funds. Companies must make their whitepaper public that has all the technicalities of the coin they are going to launch. They must also mention the amount of money they are willing to raise through this ICO.  Along with this, the complete business plan and the acceptable Fiat or Cryptos should also be clearly mentioned.

Once they release the duration of the ICO, interested people can go through the whitepaper of that company and understand the problem they are willing to solve. If that is making sense, and all the other technicalities interest them, they can participate in the ICO by purchasing tokens of that company. Most of the companies accept both Bitcoin and Ethereum to purchase their tokens. The ultimate goal here is to bet on a company that has enormous growth potential in the cryptocurrency space. If that happens, the money they have invested here can have exponential growth and yield huge profits in the future.

If the funds that are raised meets the goal set by the company, the ICO can be considered to be successful. The companies can use these funds and bring their whitepaper to an actual cryptocurrency. But, if the funds raised don’t meet the goal, we can say that the ICO is a failed attempt, and the collected funds will be returned to the investors. Returning the collected funds is a seamless process because all of these transactions are executed through Smart Contracts. So the entire process of an ICO is decentralized and is not regulated by any central authority.

Notable ICO Success Stories

In the year 2013, the first-ever ICO took place where Mastercoin raised around 500k worth of Bitcoin. Then, the ICO of Ethereum took place, which changed the face of the crypto world forever. Without this particular ICO, the crypto world wouldn’t have been the way we are seeing it today. This record-breaking ICO took place in 2014, where the company has raised $18 million worth of funds. This ICO’s massive success enabled the amazing Ethereum platform to transform from an idea on a paper to reality.

Once the Ethereum platform was live with the revolutionary smart contract feature, ICO token sales have been extremely simplified. This resulted in the formation of some of the biggest ICOs to date. One such ICO which is conducted on the Ethereum platform is DAO. If you are a crypto enthusiast, you must have heard about this crypto. DAO has raised about $150 million worth of Ether in just four weeks.

Some of the biggest ICOs we have ever witnessed include EOS ($4 Billion), Telegram ($1.7 Billion), Dragon Coin ($320 Million) & Huobi ($320 Million). Most of the biggest ICOs like the ones mentioned above, happened in 2017-18. This is considered as a golden age of ICOs. The number of ICOs has reduced significantly, and there could be many reasons for that. Some of them include the fall of the crypto market, regulations from the US Securities Exchange Commission, frauds and scams occurred, etc.

Bottom Line

That’s about ICOs and some of the biggest ICOs ever to take place. We must be extremely cautious while participating in an ICO. Getting to know the founders well, analyzing the whitepaper, understanding the feasibility of the project, etc. is crucial before making your investments. Market experts believe that the ICOs are almost dead, but there are a few promising ICOs that are going to take place in 2020, and most of them can be found here. In the upcoming articles, let’s understand what IEOs and STOs are and how different are from ICOs. Cheers!  

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5 Things To Consider Before Investing In Cryptos

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies have been buzzing our lives continuously ever since the Bitcoin boom at the year-end of 2017. The people who didn’t give a serious thought about investing in cryptos before that period has started taking it seriously, at least after that boom. One thing is for sure. Cryptocurrencies are here to stay; there is no doubt about that.

Hence, it is common for a potential investor to think if they should be investing in cryptos or not. Our answer is ‘Yes,’ they should be. However, investors should be very careful before investing in this space. So, we are providing some tips and considerations one should ponder upon before venturing into the world of cryptocurrencies.

📋 Always invest the money which you are ready to lose

We all save money for a rainy day. We are always advised by our parents when we start our financial life to save at least 10% of your paycheck. We never know what unexpected expenses pop up, and we should be able to face them without any inconvenience; otherwise, it is easy to fall in a debt pit.

Hence don’t ever invest in cryptocurrencies from your savings. We never know how the highly volatile markets of Cryptos will treat us. Always invest the money which you are ready to lose so that you don’t sell off your investments at the wrong time only because you need money.

📋 Do your research

Don’t invest in anything just because your friends/colleagues/cousins are doing it. Do your research before you venture into something new. Only after getting enough knowledge and when you think you have a grip on it, (like – when to buy and when to sell) start investing in cryptocurrencies. It is always advisable to start with the prominent ones like Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Then gradually jump into the niche coins if you want to. When one would like to invest in niche coins, it is better to go through the white paper, the tech behind the new currency, people who are developing the coin, etc. so that you will be aware if it is a scam. As the crypto industry is full of scams and fraudsters, we should be very cautious.

📋 Diversifying your investments

When people start out investing in cryptocurrencies, most of them start with Bitcoin and stay with Bitcoin only. There are many other coins other than Bitcoin. Try to invest in at least ten coins that have huge potential. You can check the market capitalization or pick the currency based on the number of coins in circulation. So that you won’t lose all your money when the value of a single coin has fallen.

We are all familiar with the saying, ‘Don’t put all your eggs in a single basket.’ Hence don’t invest all your money in only Cryptocurrencies. It would be helpful if you diversified the investment portfolio. You may invest in potential markets like Stocks, Mutual funds, Real estate, Bonds, etc. Since the cryptocurrency market is extremely volatile, it is advised that you may consider investing 10% of your portfolio in this space.

📋 Securing your coins

Once you invest in cryptos, you better don’t leave them in your accounts in the exchange. All the hacks that ever happened on cryptos happened on only exchanges so far. We have a variety of wallets to choose for, say paper wallets, electronic wallets, hardware wallets, desktop wallets, mobile wallets, etc. In turn, you can choose different wallets to use as well. For a long term investment, you may choose hardware wallets while for the short-term traders, mobile wallets can be used as they are easily accessible.

📋 Track the investments

Once you invest in cryptos, you should start tracking the performance of the coins so that you would be informed all the time. We have apps to monitor the same where we must enter the coin name, the number of coins purchased date of purchase, and other minor details. Apps like Blockfolio and Bitmap can be considered for this purpose.

While these are the essential points to consider, alternatively, you can follow people on different platforms who are best in the said fields, which reaffirms your learnings. Don’t sell off all your crypto investments when you say huge profits, try to sell on a percentage basis so that you can cash in on when there is a spike. At the same time, one will have money to buy in dips. Finally, be proud that by investing, you are a part of the crypto revolution. Cheers!

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Top 4 Ways To Earn Cryptocurrency For Free

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies have been one of the most spoken topics in the last decade. That too, in the last three years, the interest in investing or trading cryptos has been the maximum. We have also been discussing a lot about cryptocurrency lately in our detailed guides. We understood the various properties of cryptos and what makes this currency truly amazing. So, if you are a novice trader or investor or just a reader, we believe that you have at least a little interest in owning some of the top cryptos in the market.

One can buy cryptos easily in different ways, such as purchasing them in an exchange or using services like localbitcoin.com, etc. While these are some of the easiest ways to purchase cryptos, all of them involve investing your own money. But what if we say there are various ways in the market where you can earn cryptos for free? Yes. Many people are already grabbing these opportunities and earning a good amount of cryptos without having to invest their hard-earned money.

We have listed four of the most efficient ways to earn crypto for free. Please note that earning these cryptos does involve some amount of work from your side because nothing on this planet is truly free. However, you are not required to put any of your funds or take a full-time job for a crypto company. So let’s see the different possible ways to earn free cryptos.

💸 Through Airdrops

This is by far the most popular way of earning free cryptos. Airdrops work just like giveaways. Any crypto startup would prefer giving their coins for free in order to spread their name. It’s a marketing strategy where the participants of the airdrop get to avail free cryptos. There is a minimum amount of work involved in this process, like follow the company’s Twitter account, joining their telegram page, etc.

Anyone with an active ERC-20 compatible Ethereum Wallet can participate in these airdrops. Make sure to do your research to find the airdrops offered by some of the most potential crypto companies; because the free cryptos that you have earned in airdrops must increase in value later to make a profit out of them.

As we can see below, the last Stellar’s airdrop involved an offering of close to 375 million Stellar coins.

Picture Taken From – Blockchain.com

💸 Coinbase Earn Programme

Users of one of the very well-known crypto exchange – Coinbase, can earn free cryptocurrencies by completing some of the interesting courses provided by them. These courses include lessons about the basics of how certain cryptocurrencies work. The point here is that this exchange offers free coins of crypto to their users by educating them and creating exposure to that crypto.

Picture Taken From – Coinbase

We can currently earn cryptos worth $186 (as of Feb 2020) by just signing up with Coinbase and completing the courses offered by them. Dai, EOS, Stellar, and Zcash are some of the familiar cryptos that can be earned through this program. You can follow this link to start with the courses.

💸 Participating In the Bounty Programs

Free cryptocurrencies can be earned through participating in various bounty programs offered by the crypto/blockchain companies. There are different types of bounties, such as Bug bounties, Content bounties, Social bounties, and Signature bounties. In bug bounties, cryptos are offered to the people who help the companies in finding bugs in their code. The rest of the bounties involve creating content and exposure for both crypto start-ups and well-established companies in different forums. So these programs are not just for tech-savvy individuals but also for promotors.

Recently, Coinbase has offered about $30,000 worth of cryptos to an ethical hacker who founds potential bugs in their system.

Picture Taken From – Hackerone

💸 Through Affiliate Marketing

Many of the cryptocurrency companies have their own affiliate marketing programs for individuals or companies who are willing to promote and generate sales for them. For instance, companies like Trezor, Ledger, Binance, and LocalBitcoins offer 10% – 40% of commissions to their referrals. Details about each of these affiliate marketing programs can be found in their corresponding websites.

Bottom line

There are many other ways through which free cryptocurrency can be earned, but these seemed to the most effective ones. Not every company that offer free cryptos have the best interest for their customers. So please do thorough research about the authenticity of any program you are willing to take part in. All the best.

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Crypto Guides

What Problems Do Stable (cryptocurrency) Coins Solve?

Introduction

We have learnt a lot about cryptocurrencies and their properties in our previous guides. Even though this financial instrument has gone through a lot of up & down in the last three years of the past decade, many financial experts believe that this asset class can still be considered a potential investment. Some experienced crypto traders believe that Bitcoin, at its peak (~$18,000 in Dec 2017), is still undervalued. This is because of the strong fundaments Bitcoin possesses. Not just Bitcoin, the entire crypto market has enormous investment potential in this decade.

The Need for Stable Coins

But there is one thing that concerns both short-term and long-term crypto investors – which is undoubtfully the volatility. Most of the cryptos currently present in the market possess huge volatility. This is one crucial reason why most of the investors are not confident enough to invest in this space. This volatility is also the reason why cryptos cannot be used as a standard medium of exchange. Hence the need for a Stable Currency or Stable Coin has risen.

A Stable Coin is a currency that has all the critical properties of typical crypto while achieving price stability. This stability in price is achieved by pegging their value to the major fiat currencies like USD & Euro in a 1:1 ratio. One of the very first and famous stable coins is Tether, and its value is pegged to USD. So the value of one Tether (₮) is always equal to one US Dollar ($). The main goal of any stable coin is to achieve maximum decentralization while maintaining price stability. But in the case of Tether, even though it has most of the properties of crypto, it is highly scrutinized ever since it is pegged with the USD.

Significance of Stable Currency

Stable Currency, as the name suggests, provides both short-term & long-term stability for the traders and investors. Short-term stability allows users to make day to day transactions just like fiat currencies. While the long-term stability provides confidence for the investors to include these stable coins in their portfolio. For instance, in the case of extreme bear markets, crypto traders and investors must need some stable storage where they can protect their portfolio from significant losses. The only other way is to convert all these cryptos to desired fiat currencies and convert back to crypto again once the downtrend is over. This sounds redundant. Isn’t it?

But with the help of stable coins in their portfolio, investors can just trade the cryptos that are bleeding for stable coins and hold them without having to worry about the volatility. Apart from the investment point of view, stable coins can also help short-term crypto traders to confidently keep their profits that they have gained within the exchange wallets (in the form of stable coins). But in the absence of stable coins, they will have to continuously worry about them losing their profit value due to the high volatility.

If you are interested in adding stable coins to your portfolio, we have mentioned some of the most promising ones below.

TetherMakerDAOTrue USDCarbon

Many stable currency projects like these have come to existence after Tether, and some of them showed promising results. However, a completely decentralized stable coin that can be used for day-to-day transactions securely is yet to come.

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Is Crypto Money Laundering A Real Problem?

What is Money Laundering?

Money Laundering is the legitimization of money earned through illegal means. Generally, it is the separation of money obtained through illegal activities and mixed with the money made from legal sources like small businesses that accepts cash as the primary mode of payment. The legitimized money is again funneled to the criminal enterprises to fund illegal activities.

Different Ways of Money laundering

Money laundering is prevailing for many decades in our financial history. Governments have been continuously upgrading the technology to avoid the money laundering cases, especially to reduce the funding of illegal activities. Cash still occupies the first place when it comes to laundering the money. Because it is difficult to trace the money that is transacted in cash. Hence selling/buying drugs, trafficking, and theft are mostly dealt with cash.

Gold is another popular form of laundering money. Other than these, we have large banks that don’t question with the source of the wealth when the cash is deposited in their vaults, casinos, tax havens, etc. But ever since the revolution of Cryptocurrency has begun, this asset is paving new ways for money laundering. Let’s discuss more about this below.

Is Money Laundering Using Cryptos A Real Problem? 

There are significant concerns across most of the governments with regard to money laundering using cryptocurrencies. But most of them are not true when it comes to reality. It is estimated that since 2009 approximately $2.5 billion worth of Bitcoins are laundered, whereas ~ $100-$300 billion dollars are being laundered every year in different ways.

Hence, if we compare the stats, the amount of money laundered using Cryptocurrency is very sparse. Moreover, it is not advisable to launder money using Cryptocurrency as all the crypto networks are permissionless and transparent for literally anyone to check. It is easy to put together the Bitcoin transactions as the transactions are only pseudo-anonymous.

How are cryptocurrencies used to launder money?

These are some of the ways how Cryptocurrency is used for money laundering:

₿ While most of the cryptocurrencies are regulated there are some exchanges that aren’t. This means they don’t perform KYC procedures and none of the details of their customers is collected while they perform crypto transactions. This makes it challenging to match the transactions made by their customers to their id’s. When several such transactions are made using unregulated crypto exchanges, a degree of privacy is added which may eventually result in using that money for illegal activities.

Exchanging the Cryptocurrency with different altcoins, thus making it difficult to know the origins of the actual cryptos. This can also quickly be done by participating in an ICO.

Using Bitcoin ATM’s, we can deposit fiat cash and take Cryptocurrency at any place where a crypto ATM is available.

As the cryptocurrency market is too volatile, it is easy to show that the illicit income is a result of some profitable venture or some other currency appreciation.

With ever-increasing online payments using Cryptocurrency, we can easily create an online company which accepts Bitcoin and convert black money into clean Bitcoin.

How are the governments controlling the crypto money laundering?

Governments are taking various measures by developing multiple tools to link the transactions to the ids of the users using KYC details. Anti-laundering laws are amended to include cryptocurrencies. The US, Canadian, and European governments have made changes to the rules already. Some governments are, in turn, taking measures by legalizing cryptos so that the transactions would be made through regulated exchanges instead of fraudulent ones.

Finally, it can be said that, since the usage of digital cash is going to be inevitable, all measures are being taken to curb the negativities that we see in today’s world with fiat cash. If you have any questions, shoot them in the comments below. Cheers!

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Crypto Guides

Hyperledger Technology – The Enterprise Blockchain Solution

Introduction

Blockchain is proving to be ubiquitous in a short period from its invention, with the first significant application being a cryptocurrency. Just like how we use HTML while browsing the internet today, blockchain is going to be the hidden layer in many applications, soon making users not even know that blockchain is implemented in the software we are using. Hyperledger technology is an open-source umbrella project of different blockchain platforms and related tools developed by the Linux Foundation to address enterprise-level issues with blockchain technology.

Since blockchain is the underlying technology of the Hyperledger project, it has been made open source so that anyone can contribute to the code, thus making the development faster to meet the enterprise-grade requirements. IBM, Intel, and SAP Ariba are other significant contributors to the Hyperledger project. There are different platforms available in Hyperledger Technology, prominent ones being Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Sawtooth, and Hyperledger Indy. Let us have a look at these platforms in detail below:

🧬 Hyperledger Fabric

Hyperledger Fabric is the first project proposed to Linux’s Hyperledger project, where IBM has made a significant contribution. This platform is best suitable for healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, and capital markets. The Fabric project can bring transparency and clarity to the real world. Tuna fish is a 40-billion-dollar market plagued with a lot of illegal activities right from the source to the consumer plate.

Using the Hyperledger Fabric project ‘Supply Chain of Tuna fish’, we can track each part of the process. While there will be many actors playing their role in the network, not every actor is know about the entire process. Only the fisher and say the owner of the restaurant, which uses the tuna, will be updated with the whole process as requires so that they can transact privately. Hyperledger Fabric V2.0 is the latest standard release in Jan 2020.

🧬 Hyperledger Sawtooth

Intel made most of the contributions to the Hyperledger Sawtooth project. The Sawtooth platform supports the dynamic change of the consensus algorithm, which is very helpful at the enterprise level. This enables the enterprises and consortia to make transactions, consensus algorithms that support their business needs.

Also, another unique characteristic of Sawtooth is that it supports both permissioned and permissionless blockchain networks. Like Fabric, Sawtooth is also used in the Supply chain. Sawtooth Marketplace is used for trading digital assets in specified amounts, whereas Sawtooth Private UTXO is used for digital asset creation and trading. Version 1.2 is the latest release of Sawtooth.

🧬 Hyperledger Indy

Hyperledger Indy is a unique platform that stores digital identities of different blockchains and distributed ledgers. The stored digital identities are interoperable across various domains and different blockchains. It indeed acts as a decentralized repository of identities, which drastically helps in reducing identity thefts if used across the globe.

To quickly deploy these platforms at the enterprise level, different tools are developed as well where Hyperledger composer is the one used to deploy Hyperledger Fabric, but it is almost dead now. Hyperledger Caliper, Cello, Explorer, Quilt are some other tools that are used.

Conclusion

Hyperledger, as an enterprise-grade platform for blockchain implementations in various industries, is encouraging the adaptation of blockchain widely. This being an opensource project, many people are contributing to the source code, which is, in turn, moderated by the governance board and approves the changes in a very efficient and transparent way. The Hyperledger umbrella has many projects in the pipeline, which will bring more efficiency in the business, thus saving millions in cost.

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Crypto Guides

What Is SegWit & Why Is It Required?

Introduction

There are over two thousand cryptocurrencies and tokens in the market, and all of them have a set of rules to ensure they work properly. These rules are also referred to as protocols, and they are continuously in progress. Similarly to any computer code, mobile phones, and apps, the cryptocurrency protocols must be updated and improved, which means teams of programmers work every day to detect code errors, improve their performance and add new functionality. And SegWit is one of the updates that has been implemented in the Bitcoin protocol.

What is SegWit? 

Pieter Wuille was the man who came up with the idea of SegWit at a Bitcoin conference in 2015. Wuille claimed that SegWit was a possible solution to the flaw in the Bitcoin protocol. SegWit was a proposed solution to the problem of transaction malleability. Transaction malleability is a way of saying that coins can be stolen from the user just by changing tiny pieces of transaction information.

How does transaction malleability work?

Let’s say Bob sends 10BTC to Billy. But, with transaction malleability, Billy can trick Bob into sending him 20BTC instead of 10. The transaction malleability flaw in Bitcoin’s code enables Billy to tamper Bob’s witness before the transaction is confirmed on the blockchain network.

In this case, the transaction ID changes, but the transaction does not (10BTC were still sent from Bob to Billy). Now, Billy contacts Bob, saying that he hasn’t received 10BTC, though he actually has. Since the transaction id was altered, Bob checks and sees that the original transaction hasn’t been confirmed. So, seeing this, Bob sends 10BTC again to Billy. And Billy now receives 10 BTC more and 20 BTC in total.

The patch to transaction malleability

As mentioned earlier, a patch is a solution to this glitch in the Bitcoin protocol. SegWit is a patch designed by Pieter Wuille to bring a stop to transaction malleability. To prevent witness data from being used to alter the transaction ID, Peiter suggested removing it from the transaction. Hence, it is given the SegWit, which is the abbreviation for segregated witnesses, means to remove or separate the witness data.

A segregated witness creates something called as sidechain where witness data is stored aside from the main blockchain. This method efficiently prevents transaction IDs from being changed by dishonest users. Also, a smart thing about SigWit is that it’s backward compatible. So the nodes that are updated with the SegWit protocol can still work with nodes that are not updated yet. Such an update is called a soft fork, as opposed to updates that are not backward compatible, which are called hard forks.

Wuille wanted SegWit to be backward compatible so that the witness data was still recorded on the main blockchain. To solve this problem, he encrypted all the witness data of a block on the SegWit sidechain and then stored this root code on the main blockchain. Hence, transaction malleability was successfully patched without a hard-fork update.

The Pros on SegWit

💡 Patch to the transaction malleability – The problem of the malleability of transactions was solved by SegWit.

💡 Faster Blockchain transactions – SegWit makes the network much lighter. More transactions can be performed without increasing the overall block size.

💡 Room for more development – Things don’t end just at transaction malleability. If the use of blockchain increases drastically, the issue of scalability must be figured. And SegWit helped lightning network technology come to reality.

Conclusion

The problem of transaction malleability was a real concern to Bitcoin. A patch to it was really in need. Hence, Pieter Wuille came up with a successful patch to it. And this brought talks about the bright future of the Bitcoin platform. We hope you understood the concept of segregated witness (SegWit). If you have any questions, let us know in the comments below. Cheers!

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Crypto Guides

Lightning Network – A Potential Solution To Blockchain Scalability Issue?

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies that were in the boom a few years back are still in the business, and it is believed that their decentralized blockchain technology will keep them alive for a very long time.

The transactions on credit cards and debit cards are different from that of transactions on cryptocurrencies. VISA (a payment provider) processes about 4,000 transactions per second. In fact, it has a capacity of 65,000 transactions to process per second. But, a typical Bitcoin Blockchain, on the other hand, can process only up to seven transactions per second with a block size of 2MB. Hence, there is a clear issue of scalability. Also, the Bitcoin transaction costs are pretty high when compared to other traditional transaction methods. Thus, to solve this issue, the ‘Lightning Network’ technology came into existence.

What is the Lightning Network technology, and why do we need it?

The Lightning Network technology is a system that is used to process a transaction instantly. This technology was developed to send and receive payments instantly without any hassle and also to reduce transaction fees. In the next section, let’s see the backend of this technology.

Working of the Lighting Network Technology

⚡ A multi-signature wallet with some amount of Bitcoins is set up either by the sender or the receiver.

⚡ The public blockchain network keeps a record of the user’s wallet address and the balance sheet* (smart contract). This process is referred to as the payment channel.

*Balance sheet – An agreement that proves how much Bitcoin belongs to whom.

⚡ When the payment channel is wholly set, the parties can make any number of transactions without the involvement of the blockchain network.

⚡ On each transaction, the parties update their multi-signature wallet to keep track of how many Bitcoins were sent to whom.

⚡ So, basically, the balance sheet is the one that is always updated and not the blockchain network. A copy of this balance sheet is maintained by both parties.

⚡ Finally, when all the transactions are completed, the payment channel is closed. The most recent balance sheet is presented to the blockchain network for verification. And when the transaction is confirmed, the users receive their share of Bitcoins into their wallets.

The Interconnected Lightning Network

A great feature of the Lightning Network is the interconnection in the network. Let us understand this with an example. For instance, let’s say there is a payment channel between P1 and P2. And there is P3 who has a payment channel with P2. Now, if P3 wants to transact with P1, a separate channel need not be created between P3 and P1. P3 can send the coins to P2, and P2 can, in turn, send it to P1 and complete the transaction. Hence, making the Lightning Network interconnected.

The Present and Future

Presently, the proof-of-concept is being implemented on the Bitcoin Testnet. And an experimental implementation is being carried on the Bitcoin Mainnet. In fact, this technology has come into the real world in a few countries, and it ought to grow in the coming years. That’s about Lightning Network and its working. Let us know if you have any questions in the comments below. Cheers!

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Crypto Guides

What Should You Know About A Cryptocurrency Exchange?

Introduction

The cryptocurrency exchange is a place that allows trading cryptocurrencies through a trading platform. These are platforms where people can exchange one cryptocurrency for another one, and even for fiat currencies, for that matter. Their operation is very similar to a traditional financial exchange. The cryptocurrency exchange’s primary operation is to allow the buying and selling of digital assets as well as other assets (fiat currencies). Note that digital cryptocurrency (DCE) is another reference to a cryptocurrency exchange. These exchanges can be like a stock exchange or a currency exchange.

Cryptocurrency Exchange Explained

As mentioned, these exchanges are similar to traditional financial exchanges. To clearly understand this, we may bring out the differences between the crypto exchanges and the conventional exchanges. I a cryptocurrency exchange, buyers, and sellers trade based on the current market price of the cryptocurrencies. Here, exchanges play the role of the middleman. Just like on the stock market, there is some fee charged on each transaction.

Some exchanges deal only with cryptocurrencies, while others that deals with the exchange of both cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies. For example, in these exchanges, you can trade the US dollar for Bitcoin.

Cryptocurrencies are typically unstable in terms of value and sourcing. For instance, cryptos like Bitcoin have been under major dispute events where the value of Bitcoin changed dramatically in a very short time, or incidents where the major exchanges went down due to thefts and frauds.

Talking about the most popular and reliable exchanges, Coinbase’s GDAX (AKA Coinbase Pro) is an example of that. Also, there are exchanges run by third parties where there is a middleman, and  decentralized exchanges that mimic traditional exchanges like IDEX. In decentralized systems, trading is based on smart contracts and is not powered by a centralized third party system for the most of it. Trading with centralized exchanges will require a lot of information to be produced. However, they do allow the trading of fiat currencies. DEX exchanges, one the other hand, require lesser information but they do not allow exchanging of fiat currencies.

Classification of Cryptocurrency exchanges

Based on the exchange’s organizational hierarchy and overall controlling bodies, we can classify them as Centralized Exchanges and Decentralized Exchanges.

The Working Of A Centralized Cryptocurrency Exchange

Since these exchanges are centralized, they are run by a third-party or other organizations. More like a bank for exchanging fiat currencies. Here, the middleman takes control over whatever the assets are being traded on the network.

The Working Of A Decentralized Cryptocurrency Exchange

A decentralized exchange (DAX) is a cryptocurrency exchange which operates without the existence of a third party, or a central authority. In simple terms, decentralized exchanges allow peer-to-peer trading of cryptocurrencies. However, there have been signs that these exchanges have been suffering from low trading volumes and market volatility. And to solve this issue, protocols like 0X, Stellar, and Bitshares are being implemented.

Top Cryptocurrency Exchanges

There are several crypto exchanges to from, but not all have the features and technicalities. Below are the exchanges we have listed out by considering factors like user-friendliness, accessibility, security, and fees.

  • Coinbase
  • Kraken
  • Poloniex
  • Bitstamp
  • Coinmama
  • Bitsquare
  • Binance
  • Bitbuy.ca

These exchanges and many more are discussed in other articles, and you may find them here. So watch out this space for more great crypto content.

 

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Crypto Guides

Use Cases Of Blockchain Technology – Part 2 (Food & Diamond Industries)

In our previous guide, we have discussed some of the real-life applications of Blockchain technology. Some of the critical use cases of this technology that we have discussed in the Part-1 article include Asset Tokenization, Supply Chain Management, Energy Market & Healthcare. In this guide, let’s talk Food Safety & Diamond Industry, where the blockchain technology is being used extensively to solve more significant problems.

🥗 Food Safety 

Do you know where your food is coming from? Any idea on where it is being produced or who produced it? Have you seen some of those viral videos where artificial cabbages are made out of some chemicals in China? Or many scams in third world countries where various food items such as cooking oil, eggs, milk, etc. are mixed with dangerous chemicals to extend the storage capacity of perishable items? Yes. All of these are true. Food companies commit some of the biggest sins on this planet.

Hence it is essential to know what kind of food you eat and how pure it is. The supply chain of food items is always complicated and opaque. There is no transparency regarding where the food is produced, packed, re-packed, etc. So there are high chances of fraud happening with the tracking technology we have as of today. But with blockchain tech, users can verify the history of the food items very quickly.

Various other details such as batch numbers, location of production, storage temperatures, where the item is packed, its expiry dates can easily be recorded as well. Since the entire blockchain is transparent, anyone who has access to the respective blockchain can gain access to all those details. If executed correctly, the efficiency of the food supply chain can easily be improved. IBM Food Trust is one such blockchain that deals with most of the problems we discussed above.

💎 Diamond Industry

We all know how precious the diamonds are. They are incredibly scarce, and that makes them one of the most luxurious jewelry items. But the Diamond industry is currently facing a lot of problems such as insurance fraud, smuggled diamonds, etc. Diamond companies are following different complex procedures to make sure quality control is in place. Also, insurance companies are taking various measures to make sure the fraud doesn’t happen. However, these measures and procedures consume a lot of time and money. But what if we say there is one simple solution to all these problems?

Yes, the solution is Blockchain technology. Using this tech, provenance tracking can be done for the diamonds at every stage of its production, like from where they are mined to the retail stores. Typically, a serial number is given to the diamonds, which capture close to 40 properties of it. This serial number is embedded on the diamond while cutting & polishing it. All of these parameters related to a particular diamond can be stored in a blockchain. There’s a company known as EverLedger, who does exactly this. Essentially they convert the physical asset into a digital asset by taking all of its information for provenance tracking. As of today, they are tracking over 2 million diamonds, and by these services, users are sure that they have made the right purchase.

Some of the biggest problems in the world like terrorism can be tackled if companies like EverLedger prevail in the market. Blood diamonds are one of the largest ways of funding terrorist groups around the globe. Illegal mining of diamonds can completely be eliminated with the help of blockchain technology.

These are just two of the many industries where blockchain is being used for improving the existing conditions. Some of the other major industries include Real-Estate, Intellectual Property, e-governance, etc. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Cheers!

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Crypto Guides

Some Of The Top Use Cases of Blockchain In Real Life – Part 1

Introduction

Blockchain is a new revolutionary technology. Its features have guided technologists to look at the technology efficiently and innovatively. Before getting right into the use cases of blockchain, let’s see some of the primary technical features of this technology.

The technical features include,

  • The use of distributed ledger technology
  • Security through cryptography
  • Ability to have smart contracts logic embedded into it

With these features, there are several compelling uses cases of blockchain that we believe will reduce inefficiency and unlock more valuable areas in the existing industries. Here are some of the most compelling use cases of this technology.

💰 Asset Tokenization

Without any doubt, the most compelling use cases of blockchain are the application in financial services and asset tokenization in finance in particular. Using blockchain technology, illiquid assets can easily be converted into its tokenized form and can be efficiently fractionalized. It can even be traded and settled on-chain. In this way, it does not have to go through the lengthy process of clearing and settlement processes. TOkenization will also unlock liquidity for small business owners, entrepreneurs, and real estate owners.

Alphapoint, Polymath, Harbor, Smart Valor are working on a platform for asset tokenization.

🚚 Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is another great use case of blockchain technology. Transparency in the supply chain is one of the biggest problems firms tend to face. But, one of the features of blockchain eliminates this issue. Blockchain allows anyone in the network to access the database and act as a single source of truth referred to as consensus. From a consumer’s point of view, blockchain can help find the genuineness of products that are claimed to be.

Vechain and Origin Trail are examples that are currently working in this domain.

Energy Market

A few large corporations control the energy market in any given geography. To decentralize the market, blockchain technology can be of great use. If electricity is traded like any other commodity, prices in the commodity market would be affected by forces like demand and supply as well, instead of being a fixed regulated price.

Power Ledger and Grid+ are examples of peer to peer energy trading.

🚑 Healthcare

In the present state of healthcare technology, patient data is held across different institutions in legacy silos in several different formats and standards, making sharing of information ill-suited for the modern world. Although the healthcare industry has improved a lot over the years, blockchain technology can make the situation better. This generation requires data to be available to the users instantly. And Blockchain can get this into play. Blockchain technology can record patient information on a distributed ledger, which allows different institutions to access data as a single source of truth. Also, with blockchain, the access to patient’s health records is more secure as it is encrypted.

Medicalchain is an example of a healthcare data exchange platform.

These are only some of the most compelling use cases for blockchain technology. In our upcoming article, we will be discussing the applications of this groundbreaking tech in different other industries. So, stay tuned!